tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-40736944479253345312024-03-23T09:05:30.933+05:00HUNZA DEVELOPMENT FORUMA FORUM FOR SHARING KNOWLEDGE AND IDEAS WITH DEDICATED MINDS IN GILGIT AND BALTISTAN IN GENERAL AND 'HUNZUKUTZ' IN PARTICULARHisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.comBlogger428125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-79940994119222018482024-03-23T09:04:00.003+05:002024-03-23T09:04:37.890+05:00Sadaqa - Context, Faith and Practice<p> <span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Download - </span><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:4fac011b-3e84-4428-884d-16b37de92f93" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">BOOK1</span></a><span style="color: red; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:953d2f0d-5197-4b30-bd35-498695f6564b" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">BOOK2</span></a></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-079b119c-7fff-5af3-2653-e5cdea3e41e6"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sadaqa:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In Islamic tradition, acts of kindness or voluntary giving. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.596; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 12pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sadaqa is </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">charity</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> given voluntarily in order to please God. Sadaqa also describes a voluntary charitable act towards others, whether through generosity, love, compassion or faith (e.g TKN - Time and Knowledge Nazrana}. These acts are not necessarily physical or monetary.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some key points you mentioned:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Voluntary:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Unlike Zakat, the obligatory charity in Islam, Sadaqa is completely voluntary. You give what you can, when you can.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">For the sake of God:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> The intention behind Sadaqa is to please God and fulfill your faith.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Many forms:</span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Sadaqa can be financial donations, of course, but it can also be acts of kindness, helpfulness, or even a simple smile.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sadaqa is a beautiful way for Muslims to show compassion and contribute to a better world. Is there anything else you'd like to know about Sadaqa, or its from Zakat?</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-42186870641141134742024-03-21T13:10:00.002+05:002024-03-21T13:10:57.083+05:00Pakistan After the Elections: Examining the Future of Democracy in Pakistan and the US-Pakistan Relationship<br /> <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">The event titled “Pakistan After the Elections: Examining the Future of Democracy in Pakistan and the US-Pakistan Relationship” was a hearing conducted by the House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia</a><a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">1</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/pakistan-after-the-elections-examining-the-future-of-democracy-in-pakistan-and-the-us-pakistan-relationship/">2</a>. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">The hearing took place on March 20, 2024, at 10:15 AM local time, in the 2172 Rayburn House Office Building, Washington, D.C</a><a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">1</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/pakistan-after-the-elections-examining-the-future-of-democracy-in-pakistan-and-the-us-pakistan-relationship/">2</a>.<br /><br />The witness for this hearing was The Honorable Donald Lu, Assistant Secretary of State for the Bureau for South and Central Asian Affairs, U.S. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">Department of State</a><a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">1</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/pakistan-after-the-elections-examining-the-future-of-democracy-in-pakistan-and-the-us-pakistan-relationship/">2</a><a href="https://www.islamicity.org/100750/future-of-democracy-in-pakistan/">3</a>. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">The hearing was aimed at discussing the state of democracy in Pakistan after the elections and examining the future of the US-Pakistan relationship</a><a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">1</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/pakistan-after-the-elections-examining-the-future-of-democracy-in-pakistan-and-the-us-pakistan-relationship/">2</a><a href="https://www.islamicity.org/100750/future-of-democracy-in-pakistan/">3</a>.<br /><br />For more details, you may refer to the official websites of the <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">House Committee on Foreign Affairs</a> or the <a href="https://docs.house.gov/Committee/Calendar/ByEvent.aspx?EventID=116931">Committee Repository of the U.S. House of Representatives</a>. <a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">Please note that the video of the proceedings and other related documents will be available on these websites when they become available</a><a href="https://www.congress.gov/event/118th-congress/house-event/116931?s=3&r=1">1</a><a href="https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/hearing/pakistan-after-the-elections-examining-the-future-of-democracy-in-pakistan-and-the-us-pakistan-relationship/">2</a>.<br /><br />https://foreignaffairs.house.gov/subscribe/<br /><br /><br />Pakistan's recent elections were marked by controversy, with allegations of rigging and violence. This has cast a shadow over the future of democracy in the country and its relationship with the US. Let's break it down:<br /><br />The Controversial Election: <br />Results: Independents, largely seen as supporters of former PM Imran Khan's PTI party, emerged with the most seats (95), but no single party has a majority Al Jazeera: [invalid URL removed]. <br />Accusations: Khan's party and others allege widespread vote rigging, leading to protests and raising concerns about the legitimacy of the results Al Jazeera: [invalid URL removed]. <br /><br />Impact on Democracy: <br />Uncertainty: The political instability caused by the contested election results and potential for violence could weaken democratic institutions YouTube: [invalid URL removed]. <br />Legitimacy: If the allegations of rigging aren't properly addressed, it could erode public trust in the democratic process. <br /><br />US-Pakistan Relations: <br />US Concerns: The US State Department has expressed concern about the electoral violence and restrictions on freedoms of expression and assembly YouTube: [invalid URL removed]. They've also called for a full investigation into the rigging claims. <br />Future Cooperation: The US and Pakistan have a long history of cooperation on counter-terrorism and regional security. How the US reacts to the situation could impact these ties. <br /><br />Looking Ahead: <br />Coalition Building: Negotiations are underway to form a coalition government. The success of these talks will be crucial for political stability. <br />Investigating Allegations: A thorough investigation into the rigging claims is essential to restore trust in the process. <br />Strengthening Democracy: Investing in democratic institutions and promoting peaceful political discourse can help safeguard Pakistan's future. <br /><br />This is a complex situation with no easy answers. The coming weeks and months will be critical in determining the future of democracy in Pakistan and its relationship with the US.<br /><br /><div aria-description="" class="content" tabindex="0"><div class="ac-container ac-adaptiveCard" streaming=""><div aria-hidden="true" class="ac-horizontal-separator"></div></div><cib-overlay></cib-overlay></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-39305852190144935512024-03-19T15:14:00.001+05:002024-03-19T15:14:48.492+05:00Sabr<p> Download the <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:953d2f0d-5197-4b30-bd35-498695f6564b" target="_blank">BOOK</a></p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dF5D_NZ-7jo" target="_blank">RECITATION</a></p><p>In Islam, **Sabr** (Arabic: صبر) means "patience, perseverance, and steadfastness." It is one of the most important and highly praised virtues in the Qur'an.</p><p>**<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Characteristics of Sabr:</b></span>**</p><p>* Enduring hardship and adversity without complaining or despairing.</p><p>* Maintaining faith and trust in God, even during challenging times.</p><p>* Resisting temptations and sinful desires.</p><p>* Accepting God's will with grace and submission.</p><p>* Treating others with kindness and compassion, even when they mistreat you.</p><p>**<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Benefits of Sabr:</b></span>**</p><p>* It brings inner peace and tranquillity.</p><p>* It strengthens one's faith and relationship with God.</p><p>* It helps one overcome obstacles and achieve goals.</p><p>* It earns God's reward and forgiveness.</p><p>* It is a sign of true piety and righteousness.</p><p>**<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Virtues Associated with Sabr:</b></span>**</p><p>* **Tawwakul (Trust in God):** Those who practice sabr have deep trust that God will guide and provide for them.</p><p>* **Shukr (Gratitude):** They express gratitude to God for both the good and the bad in their lives, recognizing that all things ultimately come from Him.</p><p>* **Ihsan (Excellence):** They strive to do good deeds and treat others with kindness, even in the face of adversity.</p><p>**<span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Examples of Sabr in the Qur'an:</b></span>**</p><p>* **The patience of Prophet Job (Ayyub):** Despite enduring severe physical and emotional trials, Job remained patient and steadfast in his faith. (Qur'an 38:44)</p><p><span class="span-a span-day" style="background-color: #e6ffe6; color: #3b6aa0; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px;">٤٤ </span><span style="background-color: #e6ffe6; font-family: Uthmani, "serif"; font-size: 22px;">وَخُذْ بِيَدِكَ ضِغْثًا فَاضْرِبْ بِهِ وَلَا تَحْنَثْ ۗ إِنَّا وَجَدْنَاهُ صَابِرًا ۚ نِعْمَ الْعَبْدُ ۖ إِنَّهُ أَوَّابٌ</span></p><div class="sen sen-e sen-day line-height sen-padding-columns" lang="en" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid rgb(229, 236, 245); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; line-height: 25.2px; padding: 4px 8px; vertical-align: top; width: 502.824px;"><span class="span-e span-day" style="font-size: 22px; word-spacing: normal;"><span style="font-family: Uthmani, serif;">4</span></span><span class="span-e span-day" style="color: #3b6aa0; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; word-spacing: normal;">4 </span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: 18px;">“Take with your hand a bundle, and strike with it, and do not break your oath.” We found him patient. What an excellent servant! He was obedient.</span></span></div><p>* **The patience of the believers at the Battle of Uhud:** They suffered heavy losses but maintained their faith and remained unified. (Qur'an 3:146)</p><p><span class="span-a span-day" style="background-color: #e6ffe6; color: #3b6aa0; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px;">١٤٦ </span><span style="background-color: #e6ffe6; font-family: Uthmani, "serif"; font-size: 22px;">وَكَأَيِّنْ مِنْ نَبِيٍّ قَاتَلَ مَعَهُ رِبِّيُّونَ كَثِيرٌ فَمَا وَهَنُوا لِمَا أَصَابَهُمْ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ وَمَا ضَعُفُوا وَمَا اسْتَكَانُوا ۗ وَاللَّهُ يُحِبُّ الصَّابِرِينَ</span></p><div class="sen sen-e sen-day line-height sen-padding-columns" lang="en" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid rgb(229, 236, 245); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 25.2px; padding: 4px 8px; vertical-align: top; width: 502.824px;"><span class="span-e span-day" style="color: #3b6aa0; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; word-spacing: normal;">146 </span>How many a prophet fought alongside him numerous godly people? They did not waver for what afflicted them in the cause of Allah, nor did they weaken, nor did they give in. Allah loves those who endure.</div><p>* **The patience of the scholars and those who strive for knowledge:** They endure hardships in pursuit of wisdom and understanding. (Qur'an 39:9)</p><div class="row row-double row-highlighted-day" id="row-9" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: #e6ffe6; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 1005.65px;"><div class="sen sen-a sen-day uthmani-font line-height-quran sen-padding-columns" id="sen-9-a" lang="ar" style="border-right: 1px solid rgb(229, 236, 245); box-sizing: border-box; direction: rtl; display: inline-block; font-family: Uthmani, "serif"; font-size: 22px; left: 1px; padding: 4px 8px; position: relative; vertical-align: top; width: 502.824px;">أَمَّنْ هُوَ قَانِتٌ آنَاءَ اللَّيْلِ سَاجِدًا وَقَائِمًا يَحْذَرُ الْآخِرَةَ وَيَرْجُو رَحْمَةَ رَبِّهِ ۗ قُلْ هَلْ يَسْتَوِي الَّذِينَ يَعْلَمُونَ وَالَّذِينَ لَا يَعْلَمُونَ ۗ إِنَّمَا يَتَذَكَّرُ أُولُو الْأَلْبَابِ</div></div><div class="row row-double row-highlighted-day" id="row-9" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-color: #e6ffe6; cursor: pointer; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 1005.65px;"><div class="sen sen-e sen-day line-height sen-padding-columns" lang="en" style="border-bottom: none; border-left: 1px solid rgb(229, 236, 245); box-sizing: border-box; direction: ltr; display: inline-block; font-size: 18px; line-height: 25.2px; padding: 4px 8px; vertical-align: top; width: 502.824px;"><span class="span-e span-day" style="color: #3b6aa0; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 17px; word-spacing: normal;">9 </span>Is he who worships devoutly during the watches of the night, prostrating himself and standing up, mindful of the Hereafter, and placing his hope in the mercy of his Lord? Say, “Are those who know and those who do not know equal?” Only those possessed of reason will remember.</div></div><p>In conclusion, Sabr is a crucial virtue for Muslims and a sign of true faith. By practising patience, Muslims gain inner strength, strengthen their connection with God, and earn His reward and forgiveness.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-41029000330150261162024-03-18T10:41:00.003+05:002024-03-18T10:42:47.231+05:00Rasul<p> <span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Download the </span><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:1510fb50-9d8d-441b-91aa-9db23cd0f3aa" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">BOOK</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">; Listen to soft <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aE_5e8VklFA" target="_blank">MUSIC</a>.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-afb0e4ce-7fff-87cb-9650-a28f3df590ec"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rasul(pl Rusul):</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A prophet who conveys the message of God and delivers a revealed book to his people, which gives them the law according to which they are to live as a community or society.</span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rasul (رسول)</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, in Islamic tradition, refers to a prophet who is chosen by God to convey His message to humanity. These prophets play a crucial role in guiding their communities and delivering divine revelations. They are entrusted with the responsibility of teaching the laws and principles by which people should live together as a cohesive society.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Throughout history, various prophets have been sent to different nations, each with a specific message relevant to their time and context. Some well-known Rasuls include </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Adam</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Noah</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Abraham</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Moses</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Jesus</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, and </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Muhammad</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (peace be upon them all). Each of these prophets brought guidance, moral teachings, and laws to their people, emphasizing justice, compassion, and worship of the one true God.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The concept of Rasul is central to Islamic belief, emphasizing the continuity of divine guidance and the importance of following the teachings of these chosen messengers. Their stories and messages are documented in sacred scriptures such as the </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Torah</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bible</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, and the </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Quran</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">As believers, Muslims hold great reverence for all the prophets, recognizing their pivotal role in shaping human civilization and fostering a sense of community based on righteousness and ethical conduct. The legacy of Rasuls continues to inspire millions of people worldwide, serving as a beacon of guidance and hope. 🌟</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here's a breakdown of the key points:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Messenger of God:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> A Rasul is someone chosen by God to receive revelation and then communicate that message to humanity.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Delivered Scripture:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Unlike some prophets (Nabi), Rusul are entrusted with a divinely revealed book or scripture. This scripture serves as a guide for people, outlining religious laws and principles for living a righteous life.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 3pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Examples of Rusul:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> In Islam, Prophet Muhammad is considered the last Rasul, but there were many others throughout history according to the Quran, including Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and Noah.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 2.1; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">There's also some debate within Islam about the exact distinction between a Rasul and a Nabi. Some scholars believe they are interchangeable, while others see a subtle difference.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-29146654389618088102024-03-17T10:46:00.008+05:002024-03-17T11:11:14.404+05:00Rasikhun fi’l`ilm<p> Download the <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:1510fb50-9d8d-441b-91aa-9db23cd0f3aa" target="_blank">BOOK</a></p><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-8940cae7-7fff-5a7e-d9eb-83474ae546cd"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rasikhun </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">fi’l`ilm:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Those ‘firmly rooted in knowledge’. A phrase in the Qura’n which has been interpreted in different ways by Muslim scholars. In the Shia tradition, it is understood as referring to the Imams from the Prophet’s family.</span></span></p><p>In the Shia tradition, the phrase “rasikhun fi’l`ilm” refers to those who are firmly rooted in knowledge. This concept holds special significance for Shia Muslims. Let’s explore the different interpretations:</p><ol style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: decimal; vertical-align: baseline;">Sunni View:<p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 12pt;"></p></li></ol>According to Sunni interpretation, those firmly rooted in knowledge are the body of Muslim Jurists (Ulema). These scholars interpret the Divine Law (sharia) and derive Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh). The term “Ulema” refers to knowledgeable individuals who understand and apply religious principles in their actions.<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li> <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Shia View:</span></li></ul><br />In the Shia tradition, those firmly rooted in knowledge are Muhammad’s household (Ahl al-Bayt) themselves. This includes the Imams, who are considered the spiritual and intellectual leaders of the community.<br /><br />The Imams possess deep knowledge of religious matters, including esoteric interpretations (ta’wil) of the Qur’an. They guide their followers in matters of faith, ethics, and law.<br /><br />The concept of “rasikhun fi’l`ilm” emphasizes the importance of seeking knowledge and understanding the deeper meanings of religious texts.<div><br />The phrase appears in the Qur’an, particularly in Al-Imran (Quran 3:7), and has been a subject of scholarly discussion and reflection.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Those_firmly_rooted_in_knowledge"> While interpretations may vary, both Sunni and Shia traditions recognize the value of knowledge and its role in guiding believers toward righteousness and understanding</a>.</div><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: justify;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1W-82WNWOi8" width="320" youtube-src-id="1W-82WNWOi8"></iframe></div><br /></div><br /><p><br /></p></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-37353527419961644182024-03-12T12:03:00.008+05:002024-03-16T19:45:04.374+05:00Rabb<span id="docs-internal-guid-5a1a0318-7fff-7f3a-d5fd-7b517e443dbe"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Download the <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:1510fb50-9d8d-441b-91aa-9db23cd0f3aa" target="_blank">BOOK</a>; listen to soft <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RB5kHXXVyZk" target="_blank">MUSIC</a> in the background.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rabi: </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">‘Lord’ or ‘Master’; one who is caregiver, provider and sustainer. In the Qur’an, this term is generally used to refer to God.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here's a breakdown of the term "Rabi" in the Quran:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Meaning: The Arabic word "Rabb" primarily translates to "Lord" or "Master."</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Islamic Context: In the Quran, "Rabb" is predominantly used to refer to God (Allah).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Significance:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It emphasizes God's absolute dominion and authority over creation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It signifies His role as the provider, sustainer, and caretaker of everything that exists.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Frequency: The root "Raba" (ر ب ب) appears almost 980 times in the Quran, indicating its central importance.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Examples:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The very first verse of the Quran begins with "Al-hamdu lillahi Rabb al-Alamin" (meaning "All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the Worlds").</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Throughout the Quran, Allah refers to himself using variations of "Rabb" to highlight His attributes as the creator, sustainer, and provider for all.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some additional points:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Derived Forms: "Rabb" has several derived forms used in the Quran:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">"Rabbi" (my Lord) - expressing a personal connection with God.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">"Rabbuna" (our Lord) - signifying a collective connection within the community.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">"Al-Rabb" (the Lord) - emphasizing God's absolute lordship and uniqueness.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Universality: "Rabb" is not exclusive to Islam. Arabic-speaking Jews and Christians also use it to refer to God.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Therefore, "Rabi" serves as a powerful term in the Quran, encapsulating God's absolute power, His as and sustainer, and the deep believers have with Him.</span></p></span><p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Therefore, "Rabi" serves as a powerful term in the Quran, encapsulating God's absolute power, His as and sustainer, and the deep believers have with Him.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-6524484a-7fff-859e-d6b7-11cd8b9b306b"><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Allah calls Himself </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ar-Rabb— </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Lord, the Master— on more than 900 occasions in the Quran. Ar-Rabb is the only one who truly takes care of the whole creation, nourishing it in the most perfect way. He is the one who created us, who sustains us, who fosters and regulates all beings from the earliest state to that of the highest perfection!</span></p></span><span><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 7.5pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> The Lord, the Master, the Creator and Nurturer</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rabb </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">comes from the root </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">raa-baa-baa, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">which points to three main meanings. The first main meaning is to be lord, owner, or master. The second main meaning is to take care of, nourish, sustain, and provide for, and the third is to raise or bring up.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This root appears 980 times in the </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Quran</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in four derived forms. Examples of these forms are </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">rabbee</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> (“my Lord”), </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">al rabaaniyoona </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(“the Rabbis”), and</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> ribbiyyoona </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(“religious scholars”).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Linguistically, </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rabb is a term used for the owner (maalik), the master (as-sayyid), the one who takes care of, sustains, nourishes (al-qayyoom), and provides or takes care of everything (ar-razzaaq).</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> [Lisan al-Arab by ibn Mandhoor].</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The word </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">tarbiyyah</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is also derived from the same root, and it means to take care of. It is often used to indicate how we bring up and nurture our children.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rabb is also used with an adjective to refer to people, indicating the “master” or the one who is obeyed, for example </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">rabb ud daar</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">— the master of the house. Only Allah is Ar-Rabb; He is the true and complete owner of everything in existence and the only one who takes care, nourishes, and fosters everything that exists through every stage of existence.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ar-Rabb </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Himself says:</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> . . . [All] praise is [due] to Allah, Lord of the worlds </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">[Quran, 1:2]</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> . . </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/UDvh63xHVa0" width="320" youtube-src-id="UDvh63xHVa0"></iframe></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">And [mention, O Muhammad], when your Lord said to the angels, Indeed, I will make upon the earth a successive authority . . . </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">[Quran, 2:30] </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> and . . . At that, Zechariah called upon his Lord, saying, My Lord, grant me from Yourself a good offspring. Indeed, You are the Hearer of supplication. </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">[Quran, 3:38]</span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/zoOX_k90qpE" width="320" youtube-src-id="zoOX_k90qpE"></iframe></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 11pt;"><br /></p></span><div><span><span><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: transparent; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">Rabb al-Alamin:</span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline;">‘Lord of the Worlds’; a phrase in the Qur’an referring to God.</span></p></span></span><br /><br />Rabb al-Alamin, <span> </span>the beautiful phrase from the Qur’an, resonates with profound meaning. It encapsulates the idea that God is not just the Lord of a specific group or community but the Sustainer and Cherisher of all existence—the entire cosmos, encompassing all worlds and realms. In this divine title, we find a reminder of God’s boundless mercy, wisdom, and sovereignty. As the Lord of the Worlds, God orchestrates the intricate balance of creation, sustains life, and guides humanity toward righteousness.<br /><br />May our hearts be attuned to this majestic concept, recognizing the unity and universality of God’s dominion. 🌟🕌<br /><br />Here are some additional thoughts your reflection evokes:<br /><br />Universality of Islam's Message: This concept emphasizes the inclusivity of Islam, highlighting God's love and care for all creation, not just a select few.<br /><br />Awe and Humility: Contemplating the vastness of God's dominion evokes a sense of awe and humility in recognizing our place within the grand scheme of the universe.<br /><br />Responsibility Towards Creation: Understanding God as the Sustainer can foster a sense of responsibility to care for the environment and all living things.<br /><br />By internalizing the universality of God's love, we can cultivate compassion and understanding in our interactions with the world around us.<br /><br />Here are some additional points for further reflection:<br /><br />Exploration in Islamic Scholarship: Many Islamic scholars have delved deeply into the meaning of Rabb al-Alamin, exploring its implications for theology, cosmology, and human purpose.<br /><br />Interfaith Dialogue: The concept of God as the Cherisher of all existence can be a valuable point of connection in interfaith dialogue, highlighting shared values of love, compassion, and stewardship of creation.<br /><br /></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-29994596395479176952024-03-11T11:38:00.004+05:002024-03-11T18:14:49.262+05:00Qiyama<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:1510fb50-9d8d-441b-91aa-9db23cd0f3aa" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD THE BOOK,</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Listen to soft </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fAhPe8n5GtA" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background. </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-dd693754-7fff-6d22-b93d-84feb4a77d53"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qiyama: The Day of Resurrection; the Day of Judgement. In the Qur’an, this term is linked to the principle of human answerability to God.</span></p></span><br />Qiyama, also known as the Day of Resurrection or the Day of Judgment, holds immense significance in Islamic theology. It represents the ultimate culmination of human existence, where every soul will be held accountable for their deeds and intentions.<br /><br />In the Qur’an, the concept of Qiyama is intricately tied to the idea of Divine Justice. It emphasizes that God is aware of all our actions, both visible and hidden, and will judge us fairly based on our faith, deeds, and intentions. The righteous will be rewarded with eternal bliss, while those who transgressed will face consequences.<br /><br />This profound belief serves as a reminder for believers to lead a life of righteousness, compassion, and piety, knowing that their actions will ultimately be weighed on the scales of justice on the Day of Resurrection.<br /><br />“And We place the scales of justice for the Day of Resurrection, so no soul will be treated unjustly at all. And if there is [even] the weight of a mustard seed, We will bring it forth. And sufficient are We as accountant.” (Qur’an, Surah Al-Anbiya, 21:47)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/sboYF9ljbwo" width="320" youtube-src-id="sboYF9ljbwo"></iframe></div><br /><div>May our actions reflect our faith, and may we seek forgiveness and guidance as we await the inevitable Day of Judgment. 🌟🕊️</div><div><br /><div><span><span style="font-family: georgia; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some additional points to consider:</span><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Universality of Resurrection: In Islam, Qiyama signifies the belief that all humans who ever lived will be brought back to life and judged by God.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Focus on Deeds: The Qur'an emphasizes that people will be held accountable for their actions and choices during their lifetime.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Uncertain Timing: The exact timing of Qiyama is unknown to humans and is solely within God's knowledge.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Importance in Islamic Life: Belief in Qiyama serves as a reminder for Muslims to live righteously and ethically.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: georgia; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Do you have any questions about the specific details or significance of Qiyama in Islamic teachings?</span></p><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-21146476221822128442024-03-08T10:23:00.006+05:002024-03-10T09:32:13.003+05:00Qibla<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3A1510fb50-9d8d-441b-91aa-9db23cd0f3aa/?locale=en-US&filetype=application%2Fpdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWN LOAD</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, listen to </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOc146R8sws" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SOFT MUSIC</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-7e7ca972-7fff-00ab-a6dc-44a11d358e14"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qibla: </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The direction of prayers (towards the Ka’ba), indicated in a mosque or place of prayer by a niche called </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Mehrab.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Qibla is the direction towards the Kaaba, a cubical structure considered the holiest site in Islam, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Muslims face the Qibla whenever they perform their daily prayers (Salat).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In mosques, the Qibla is indicated by a niche in the wall called a Mihrab. The Mihrab is typically decorated and serves as a focal point for worshippers during .</span></p><div><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-16656828940192250782024-03-04T09:42:00.004+05:002024-03-04T09:48:28.328+05:00Qawwali<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:ap:6bffe9d4-95b7-449a-a7b3-5b4a5a733df1" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Listen to </span><span id="docs-internal-guid-8d25ca81-7fff-681d-7759-42b4c1afcc6d"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOKsscg5Kmw" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC 2</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span> </p><p><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qawwali:</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: blue; font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> A Form of Sufi devotional music in which religious poetry is sung. </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/R8w5tbxcxdc" width="320" youtube-src-id="R8w5tbxcxdc"></iframe></div><br /><span id="docs-internal-guid-96b9150b-7fff-5505-c41a-a4af1859a2e4"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> It originated in South Asia.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some additional details that might be interesting:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The word "Qawwali" comes from the Arabic word "qaul," meaning "to speak" or "utterance."</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Traditionally, Qawwali is performed by a group of singers called qawwals who sing poetry expressing love, devotion, and longing for God.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Performances often take place at Sufi shrines called dargahs and aim to induce a state of spiritual ecstasy in the listeners.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Qawwali draws influences from Hindustani classical music and utilizes elements like ragas (melodic frameworks) and talas (rhythmic patterns).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">While traditionally involving male performers, contemporary Qawwali features female artists as well.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If you'd like to explore further, you can search for Qawwali singers like Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan or listen to Qawwali music online.</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-74269210383635179882024-03-03T10:06:00.010+05:002024-03-03T10:28:59.733+05:00Qasida<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:ap:6bffe9d4-95b7-449a-a7b3-5b4a5a733df1" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS,</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> Listen to </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dw7pcHI8aKU" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-0170a90b-7fff-d227-7574-8bf954454d5d"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qasida:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Any poem of a certain length in Arabic, Persian or Turkish. In the religious traditions of the Ismailis, the </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">qasida </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">refers to religious and devotional poetry.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qasida is a beautiful and complex poetic form with a rich history. Here's a breakdown of its key aspects:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Origin and Meaning:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The word "qasida" is of Arabic origin, meaning "intention" or "purpose."</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It refers to a specific type of poem, traditionally found in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Structure and Form:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Qasidas are typically long poems, ranging from 15 to 100 lines or even longer.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They follow a specific structure with a single meter and rhyme scheme throughout the poem.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The poem is usually divided into sections with distinct themes and purposes.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Content and Themes:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Traditionally, qasidas were used for various purposes, including:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -2.25pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Praise poems (madīḥ): Praising a patron, leader, or loved one.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -2.25pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Elegies (ritha'): Lamenting the death of someone.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -2.25pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Satire (hijā'): Criticizing or mocking someone or something.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: -2.25pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Love poems (ghazāl): Expressing emotions of love and longing.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">In the religious traditions of the Ismailis, qasidas specifically refer to religious and devotional poetry praising God, the Prophet Muhammad, and the Ismaili Imams.</span></p></li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/s5bwouOTjmY" width="320" youtube-src-id="s5bwouOTjmY"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 16px; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Examples of Famous Qasidas:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Imru' al-Qais: A pre-Islamic Arabic poet known for his vivid imagery and passionate love poems.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Nizar Qabbani: A 20th-century Syrian poet who wrote widely about love, femininity, and social issues.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Al-Mutanabbi: A 10th-century Arabic poet famous for his mastery of language and self-assured style.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Qasida's Legacy:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The qasida has played a significant role in the development of Arabic, Persian, and Turkish literature.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -19.125pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It continues to inspire contemporary poets and serves as a valuable source of historical and cultural information.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I hope this explanation provides a comprehensive overview of Qasida poetry. If you'd like to explore further, I can share some specific examples of Qasidas or delve deeper into the unique styles and themes employed by different poets.</span></p><br /></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ihkRrCdeKPY" width="320" youtube-src-id="ihkRrCdeKPY"></iframe></div><br /><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-54951513294881461912024-02-29T19:33:00.021+05:002024-03-20T16:15:53.227+05:00Interpreting the Qur'an<p>RELATED: <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:d57e2caa-c39b-4911-a223-04d3bdb0e9b5" target="_blank">BOOK 1</a>; <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:AP:5623726c-eec6-4b50-90aa-c1d8af15b844" target="_blank">BOOK 2</a> </p><p><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Interpreting the<a href="https://youtu.be/hLLL-UmDQTQ" target="_blank"> Qur'an</a>, also known as tafsir, is a complex and ongoing process within Islam. Here's an ov</span>erview of different approaches:<br /><br /><b><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Tafsir bi'l-Ishara</span></b>: Interpretation of Qur'an based on allusions. It examines words, phrases and passages of the Qur'an from mystical or esoteric perspectives. It aims to examine inner or esoteric meanings alluded to by the literal meaning of a verse.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Tafsir bi'l-ma'thur</b></span>: Interpretation of the Qur'an based on tradition or on traditional knowledge. It is based on reports of those revered for their knowledge. It is based on reports of those revered for their knowledge of the Qur'an, such as Prophets, Imams, and their Companions.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Tafsir bi'l-ra'y</b></span>: Interpretation of Qur'an based on the personal opinion of a commentator.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Tafsir al-qur'an bi'l Qur'an</b></span>: Interpretation of the Qur'an based on the Qur'an itself.<br /><br />**Interpretations of Quran: al-rasikhun fi-'l-ilm**<br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">The phrase "al-rasikhun fi-'l-ilm" (those rooted in knowledge) appears in the Quran in verse 3:7, which reads:</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/1W-82WNWOi8" width="320" youtube-src-id="1W-82WNWOi8"></iframe></div><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;">"0nly those firmly grounded in knowledge say, 'We believe in it, all of it is from our Lord'."<br /><br />This phrase has been interpreted in different ways by Muslim scholars.<br /><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">**Sunni Interpretations:**</span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br />* **General Knowledge:** Some Sunni scholars interpret the phrase as referring to those who have a deep understanding of religious knowledge, including the Quran, Sunnah, and Islamic jurisprudence.<br /><br />* **Islamic Scholars:** Others view it as referring specifically to Islamic scholars who have specialized in religious sciences and are known for their knowledge and piety.<br /><br />* **Spiritual Insight:** Some Sufis interpret the phrase as referring to those who have attained a high level of spiritual insight and understanding through contemplation and meditation.<br /><br /><br />**Shia Interpretation:**<br /><br />In the Shia tradition, the phrase "al-rasikhun fi-'l-ilm" is understood as referring to the Imams, the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad from the family of Ali and Fatimah. Shias believe that the Imams are the sole authoritative interpreters of the Quran and possess divine knowledge and guidance.<br /><br />**Contemporary Interpretations:**<br /><br />In modern times, some Muslim scholars have proposed new interpretations of the phrase, including:<br /><br />* **Progressive Knowledge:** Some argue that the phrase refers to those who are constantly seeking and acquiring knowledge, rather than being limited to those who have attained a certain level of expertise.<br /><br />* **Social Justice:** Others suggest that the phrase should be interpreted as referring to those who use their knowledge and understanding to promote social justice and liberation.<br /><br />**Significance of the Interpretation:**</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br />The interpretation of the phrase "al-rasikhun fi-'l-ilm" has implications for religious authority, the role of scholars, and the understanding of Islamic knowledge. Different interpretations have led to different approaches to Islamic education, jurisprudence, and spiritual practice.</p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><br />Classical Approach:<br /><br />Emphasis on context: Interpreters consider the historical context in which verses were revealed and the audience they were addressing.<br /><br />Reliance on tradition: Scholars consult the Sunnah (teachings and practices of Prophet Muhammad) for guidance.<br /><br />Categorization of verses: Verses are categorized as clear (Muhkamat) or ambiguous (Mutashabihat), requiring different levels of interpretation.<br /><br />Focus on language and grammar: Deep understanding of Arabic, the language of revelation, is crucial for accurate interpretation.<br /><br />Modern Approaches:<br /><br />Focus on social justice and ethics: Scholars may reinterpret verses related to gender, slavery, and other issues in light of changing social contexts.<br /><br />Interfaith dialogue: Some interpretations emphasize the Qur'an's message of peace and coexistence with other religions.<br /><br />Scientific interpretations: Some scholars attempt to reconcile scientific discoveries with the Qur'anic understanding of the world.<br /><br />Additional Points:<br /><br />Esoteric interpretations (Ta'wil): Seek hidden, deeper meanings beyond the literal understanding of the text.<br /><br />Divergence of interpretations: While core beliefs remain consistent, interpretations can differ among scholars and schools of thought within Islam.<br /><br />Importance of seeking knowledge: Muslims are encouraged to study the Qur'an with qualified scholars and avoid individual interpretations without proper knowledge.<br /><br />It's important to remember that interpretations are not considered absolute truths but attempts to understand the message within the personal contexts. It's crucial to approach interpretations with respect for diverse perspectives and to learn from qualified sources.</p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-78864439145620097662024-02-29T09:48:00.001+05:002024-02-29T09:48:21.544+05:00Faith of Conviction<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/id/urn:aaid:sc:ap:6bffe9d4-95b7-449a-a7b3-5b4a5a733df1" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD TEN </span></a><span style="color: #1155cc;"><u>BOOKS, Listen</u></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> to </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cV5LS05B2Hw" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-2b1428b1-7fff-8f78-44da-7911724db831"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Imam views the practice of the faith as being based on a “faith of conviction” - London UK, August 1994.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here's a breakdown of the concept of "faith of conviction":</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Meaning</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Unwavering Belief: Faith of conviction describes an absolute and unshakable belief system. This belief isn't easily influenced by external forces, criticisms, or challenges.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Based on Deep Trust: This type of faith is rooted in a deeply held trust in a particular idea, higher power, or set of principles. This trust often stems from personal experiences, spiritual revelations, careful study, and contemplation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Moral Compass: Faith of conviction strongly influences a person's value system, behaviors, and life decisions. It serves as a guiding force, offering direction and purpose.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Examples</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Religious Faith: Many people hold religious beliefs with unwavering conviction. Their faith in their God or spiritual system is central to their identity and guides every aspect of their lives.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ethical Conviction: Individuals can possess a faith of conviction in their moral or ethical frameworks. This might involve a staunch belief in human rights, social justice, non-violence, or environmentalism.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ideological Conviction: Faith of conviction can apply to political or social ideologies. An individual might believe fervently in concepts like democracy, freedom, or equality. These beliefs drive their actions and choices.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Characteristics of Faith of</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Resilience: Faith of conviction endures in the face of obstacles, doubts, or criticisms. It provides strength during difficult times.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Determination: This kind of faith spurs action. It leads people to work toward their goals, uphold their ideals, and advocate for their beliefs, even when opposed.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Sense of Purpose: Faith of conviction brings meaning and direction to a person's life. It provides motivation and a foundation for decision-making.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Important Notes</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Positive and Negative Force: Faith of conviction can be a powerful force for both good and harm. It can inspire acts of compassion and justice, but can also be used to justify intolerance and violence.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Not Necessarily Blind Faith: While unwavering, faith of conviction isn't necessarily unthinking or unreasonable. It's often based on deep consideration and personal experiences.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Let me know if you want more about or specific examples!</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-34330897520982693022024-02-26T15:10:00.003+05:002024-02-26T15:40:26.211+05:00Qa'im<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3A4aea27fb-ee4f-4ab3-88a3-9541d0b7f5af" target="_blank"> <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, listen to soothing </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7C8tehp7Zc" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-8b0f7649-7fff-59a7-2160-ada6a03aaf15"><span id="docs-internal-guid-dd2d64b3-7fff-9259-afa5-6d866ae868cc"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><b>Qa’im:</b></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">‘Riser’ or ‘Resurrector’; In early Shia Islam, this term was used for a member of the Prophet’s family who was expected to restore justice on earth by rising against the regime considered as illegitimate.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p></span><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here's a breakdown of the key points:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Meaning: The Arabic word "Qa'im" literally translates to "one who rises" or "resurrector."</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Early Shia Islam: In the early stages of Shia Islam (around the 8th century), the term Qa'im was used to describe a future descendant of Prophet Muhammad who was expected to rise up against an unjust regime and restore justice on earth.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Target: This regime was often perceived as illegitimate by early Shias, particularly during the Umayyad caliphate.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Shift: Over time, the term Qa'im became synonymous with the Mahdi in Shia eschatology, the figure who is believed to appear at the end of times to establish global justice.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It's important to note that while the term Qa'im initially referred to a broader concept of a future righteous leader, it eventually became specifically associated with the Mahdi in Shia discourse.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some additional points to consider:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">While the concept of Qa'im is central to Shia eschatology, it also holds significance in other Islamic denominations like Isma'ilism, where it carries different interpretations related to the role of the Imam.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It's crucial to approach this topic with sensitivity, acknowledging the diverse interpretations and viewpoints within different Islamic schools of thought.</span></p></li></ul></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-13359465711977221832024-02-23T10:49:00.004+05:002024-02-23T10:49:25.603+05:00Pir<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, listen to soothing </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E7C8tehp7Zc" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MUSIC</span></a><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the background.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-373c78c7-7fff-b6dd-6523-d46b2f014ed3"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pir: A persian word for a Sufi guide or master who initiates or disciplines on the Sufi path. In Nizari Ismaili history, pirs were local leaders of local community and figures who preached the Ismaili faith in different regions. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In Sufism:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Meaning:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> The word "Pir" comes from Persian and literally translates to "elder" or "old man." However, in Sufism, it carries a much deeper meaning and refers to a </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">spiritual guide or master</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> who initiates and guides disciples on the Sufi path.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Role:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> A Pir typically possesses advanced spiritual knowledge and wisdom gained through their own journey. They serve as mentors, offering guidance, instruction, and support to their disciples (murids) on their individual paths towards spiritual development. This guidance can involve various aspects, such as spiritual practices, interpretations of scriptures, and mystical experiences.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Titles:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pirs are also referred to by other titles, including </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Sheikh, Murshid, Hazrat, Sarkar,</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> and </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Peer Baba.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In Nizari Ismaili history:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Local leaders:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Pirs played a crucial role as </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">local leaders</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> within the Nizari Ismaili community. They served as representatives of the Imams, the spiritual and temporal leaders of the Ismaili tradition.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Faithful preachers:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> They also functioned as </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">preachers</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">, disseminating Ismaili doctrines and teachings within their local communities. This role was particularly important in geographically dispersed regions, where direct access to central leadership might be limited.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Spiritual guidance:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Similar to their role in general Sufism, Pirs offered </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">spiritual guidance and support</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> to Ismaili members within their communities. They played a vital role in strengthening the faith and fostering spiritual development among the members.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Additional notes:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0; margin-top: 0; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The specific role and authority of Pirs may vary depending on the region, era, and within different Sufi orders or Ismaili sub-branches.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -22.5pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">It's important to differentiate between the genuine role of a Pir as a spiritual guide and certain practices associated with some Pirs that may deviate from orthodox Islamic teachings.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 12pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I hope this information helps! If you have any further questions or want to explore specific aspects of the Pir concept in the Nizari Ismaili context, feel free to ask.</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-26002673250817506882024-02-22T08:18:00.007+05:002024-02-22T08:40:38.695+05:00Nu'r<p> <a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank">DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS</a></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Nu'r : One of the attributes by which God is referred to in the Qur'an. For example "God is the light of heavens and the earth" ...24:35 - <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSvjEQvxip4" target="_blank">RECITE</a></span></p><p><span style="color: #2b00fe;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XSvjEQvxip4" width="320" youtube-src-id="XSvjEQvxip4"></iframe></span></div><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><br /></span>The concept of Nu'r, meaning "light" in Arabic, holds multifaceted significance across various traditions and disciplines. Here's a breakdown of its interpretations:<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Islamic Sufism:</span><br /><br />Divine Light: Nu'r is most commonly understood as the Divine Light of Allah, representing ultimate knowledge, purity, and guidance. It's considered the source of all creation and knowledge attainable through spiritual purification and connection with the Divine.<br /><br />Illumination and Knowledge: Nu'r symbolizes the spiritual enlightenment and divine knowledge received by Sufis through practices like dhikr (remembrance) and mujahada (effortful purification).<br /><br />Metaphorical Light: Nu'r serves as a metaphor for various spiritual qualities like understanding, clarity, faith, and love. It represents the illumination of the heart and mind brought by spiritual progress.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Other Abrahamic Traditions</span>:<br /><br />God's Essence: Certain interpretations within Judaism and Christianity associate Nu'r with the manifestation of God's essence or creative power.<br /><br /><br />Spiritual Light: Similar to Sufism, some traditions view Nu'r as a symbol of spiritual illumination and divine knowledge attainable through devotion and meditation.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">In Philosophy and Mysticism:</span><br /><br />Universal Principle: Nu'r can symbolize a universal principle of order, consciousness, or creative force underlying all existence.<br /><br />Inner Light: In various mystical traditions, it represents the inner light or spark of the Divine within each individual, the potential for awakening and self-realization.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">General Observations:</span><div><br />Nu'r holds diverse interpretations across different contexts, ranging from the literal light of creation to metaphorical representations of spiritual qualities and inner states.<br />Its unifying element lies in its association with knowledge, enlightenment, and the Divine.<br /><div>Understanding the specific context and tradition is crucial for correctly interpreting the meaning of Nu'r.<br /><br /><br /><br />I hope this provides a starting point for understanding the concept of Nu'r. If you have further questions or want to explore specific interpretations within a particular tradition, feel free to ask!<br /></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-18272041901428600442024-02-11T16:05:00.004+05:002024-02-12T10:42:02.829+05:00A Summary of Aerospace Travel and History<p> Background <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wLwxmjrZj8" target="_blank">Music</a>; <a href="https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/screen-reader/kgejglhpjiefppelpmljglcjbhoiplfn" target="_blank">SCREEN READER EXTENSION (FOR BLIND)</a></p><p><br /></p><p data-sourcepos="1:1-1:171" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 1rem; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The history of aerospace travel is a captivating one, spanning centuries and filled with innovation, daring attempts, and monumental achievements. Here's a brief overview:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:33" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Early Dreams and Experiments:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="5:1-7:0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="5:1-5:213" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Kites and Gliders: The earliest aspirations of flight can be traced back to kites flown in China as early as the 5th century BC and gliders experimented with by pioneers like Otto Lilienthal in the 19th century.</li><li data-sourcepos="6:1-7:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Hot Air Balloons: The Montgolfier brothers' successful flight in 1783 marked a significant milestone, showcasing manned lighter-than-air travel.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="8:1-8:28" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Birth of Powered Flight:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="10:1-12:0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="10:1-10:243" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">The Wright Brothers: On December 17, 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright achieved the first sustained, controlled flight of a heavier-than-air machine near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This historic event ushered in the era of powered flight.</li><li data-sourcepos="11:1-12:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Early Pioneers: Pioneers like Glenn Curtiss, Louis Blériot, and Alberto Santos-Dumont pushed the boundaries of aircraft design and performance, leading to rapid advancements in the early 20th century.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="13:1-13:26" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">World Wars and Beyond:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="15:1-18:0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="15:1-15:175" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">World War I and II: These major conflicts fueled rapid advancements in aviation technology, leading to the development of military aircraft, bombers, and the jet engine.</li><li data-sourcepos="16:1-16:177" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Commercial Travel Takes Off: After the wars, commercial aviation flourished, with airlines like Pan Am and TWA connecting continents and making air travel more accessible.</li><li data-sourcepos="17:1-18:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Breaking Records: Milestones like Chuck Yeager breaking the sound barrier in 1947 and Yuri Gagarin becoming the first human in space in 1961 marked remarkable leaps in aerospace achievement.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="19:1-19:18" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The Space Age:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="21:1-22:226" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="21:1-21:122" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Apollo Missions: The 1969 Apollo 11 mission landed the first humans on the Moon, a defining moment in human history.</li><li data-sourcepos="22:1-22:226" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Space Stations and Shuttles: The International Space Station, launched in 1998, became a symbol of international cooperation and a platform for scientific research. The Space Shuttle program, operational from 1981 to 2011, facilitated numerous missions and advancements.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="24:1-24:17" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">Beyond Earth:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="26:1-28:0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="26:1-26:168" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Probes and Exploration: Robotic probes like Voyager 1 and New Horizons have ventured beyond our solar system, providing groundbreaking insights into our universe.</li><li data-sourcepos="27:1-28:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Private Spaceflight: Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are opening up new avenues for space exploration and tourism.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="29:1-29:15" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">The Future:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="31:1-34:0" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="31:1-31:127" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Reusable Rockets: Reusable launch vehicles are changing the game, promising more affordable and sustainable space travel.</li><li data-sourcepos="32:1-32:128" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Deep Space Exploration: Missions to Mars and beyond are being planned, aiming to push the boundaries of human exploration.</li><li data-sourcepos="33:1-34:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;">Hypersonic Flight: Technologies like scramjets aim to drastically reduce travel times between continents.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="35:1-35:197" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">This is just a glimpse into the vast and exciting history of aerospace travel. With continued advancements and innovations, the future promises even more thrilling journeys to the skies and beyond. When it comes to "first missions to space," it depends on what you consider "space." Here are some notable early steps depending on your definition:</p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="3:1-3:28" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Reaching High Altitudes:</span></p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="5:1-6:26" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="5:1-6:26" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Suborbital Flights:</span><ul data-sourcepos="6:5-6:26" style="margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="6:5-6:26" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">1944:</span> German V-2 rocket reaches an altitude of 176 km, exceeding the internationally recognized boundary of space (100 km or 62 miles). However, it carried no humans.</li><li data-sourcepos="7:5-7:97" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">1947:</span> American WAC Corporal rocket reaches an altitude of 250 km, again without humans.</li><li data-sourcepos="8:5-8:10" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">1961:</span> Alan Shepard becomes the first American in space on a suborbital flight reaching an altitude of 187 km.</li></ul></li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="10:1-10:22" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Human Spaceflight:</span></p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="12:1-12:141" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="12:1-12:141" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First Orbit:</span> On April 12, 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human to travel to space and orbit Earth, completing one orbit in his Vostok 1 spacecraft.</li><li data-sourcepos="13:1-13:177" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First American Orbiter:</span> Three weeks later, on May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard completed a suborbital flight reaching an altitude of 187 km, becoming the first American in space.</li><li data-sourcepos="14:1-15:0" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First American in Earth Orbit:</span> John Glenn became the first American to orbit Earth on February 20, 1962, completing three orbits in his Mercury-Atlas 6 spacecraft.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="16:1-16:32" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">Additional Notable Missions:</span></p><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><ul data-sourcepos="18:1-20:49" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 4px 0px; padding-inline-start: 1.125rem;"><li data-sourcepos="18:1-18:151" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First Woman in Space:</span> Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman in space on June 16, 1963, spending nearly three days in orbit aboard Vostok 6. </li><li data-sourcepos="19:1-19:139" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First Spacewalk:</span> Alexei Leonov performed the first spacewalk on March 18, 1965, spending 12 minutes outside his Voskhod 2 spacecraft.</li><li data-sourcepos="20:1-20:49" style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><span style="font-weight: 700;">First Docking of Spacecraft:</span> Cosmos 186 and Cosmos 188 completed the first docking of two spacecraft in orbit on October 30, 1967.</li></ul><span face=""Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 16px;"></span><p data-sourcepos="22:1-22:229" style="background-color: white; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Google Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin: 1rem 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; word-break: break-word;">It's important to remember that the "first" is often disputed depending on specific criteria and historical context. This information hopefully provides a starting point for exploring the exciting history of early space missions!</p><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-61825154072457438392024-02-05T13:20:00.003+05:002024-02-13T14:43:05.259+05:00Instructions on Chip Design, Fabrication and and Research<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #00a19a; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Listen to </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsaQQoPcHkA" style="text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">RELAXING MUSIC</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #00a19a; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> while reading</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-92a1b3a6-7fff-56b4-499c-eb0fbc3dc699"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The instructions for chip design, fabrication, and research can vary greatly depending on the specific type of chip, desired functionality, and intended application. However, I can provide some general guidelines and resources to get you started:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chip Design:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Software tools: Numerous software tools are available for chip design, such as Cadence, Synopsys, and Mentor Graphics. These tools offer specialized functionalities for designing the various components of a chip, including logic circuits, memory blocks, and communication interfaces.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Hardware Description Languages (HDLs): Languages like Verilog and VHDL are used to describe the digital logic of the chip in a text-based format. You can then use these descriptions to generate the actual layout of the chip.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Design Methodology: Different methodologies exist for chip design, such as top-down and bottom-up approaches. Choosing the right approach depends on the complexity of the chip and your design goals.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chip Fabrication:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Foundries: Specialized facilities called foundries manufacture chips based on the provided design files. They utilize complex processes involving photolithography, etching, and deposition of various materials to create the intricate structures on the chip.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Fabrication processes: Different fabrication processes exist, such as CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) and FinFET, each with its own advantages and limitations in terms of performance, power consumption, and cost.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Design for Manufacturability (DFM): It's crucial to consider fabrication limitations during design to ensure your chip can be successfully manufactured with high yield and quality.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Chip Research:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Research areas: Chip research encompasses diverse areas like new materials, device architectures, power management techniques, and security solutions. The specific research area you choose depends on your interests and expertise.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Publication and collaboration: Disseminating your research findings through publications and collaborating with other researchers are vital aspects of advancing the field.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Funding opportunities: Various funding bodies, universities, and companies offer grants and fellowships to support chip research.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Additional Resources:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Online courses and tutorials: Numerous online resources offer introductory and advanced courses on chip design and fabrication.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">University programs: Many universities offer graduate and undergraduate programs in electrical engineering with a focus on microelectronics and integrated circuits.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Industry events and conferences: Attending industry events and conferences allows you to network with professionals and stay updated on the latest advancements in chip technology.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Remember: This is just a brief overview. Each step in the process mentioned above requires in-depth knowledge and practical experience.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Important: Please let me know if you have any specific questions or areas of interest within chip design, fabrication, or research. I can then provide more tailored information and resources.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-2521200594966744012024-02-03T10:26:00.009+05:002024-02-28T11:48:32.456+05:00Making Robots a reality - Bill Gates<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #00a19a; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Listen to </span><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-VZL7YVDuOg" target="_blank">RELAXING MUSIC</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #00a19a; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> while reading</span></p><p><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Is it harder for machines to mimic the way humans move or the way humans think? If you had asked me this question a decade ago, my answer would have been “think.” So much of how the brain works is still a mystery. And yet, in just the last year, advancements in artificial intelligence have resulted in computer programs that can create, calculate, process, understand, decide, recognize patterns, and continue learning in ways that resemble our own.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-ddeb13c2-7fff-0279-0dd3-7e4e7b2a98cf"><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Building machines that operate like our bodies—that walk, jump, touch, hold, squeeze, grip, climb, slice, and reach like we do (or better)—would seem to be an easier feat in comparison. Surprisingly, it hasn’t been. Many robots still struggle to perform basic human tasks that require the dexterity, mobility, and cognition most of us take for granted.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">But if we get the technology right, the uses for robots will be almost limitless: Robots can help during natural disasters when first responders would otherwise have to put their lives on the line—or during public health crises like the COVID pandemic, when in-person interactions might spread disease. On farms, they can be used instead of toxic chemical herbicides to manually pull weeds. They can work long days lugging hundred- or thousand-pound loads around factory floors. A good enough robotic arm will also be invaluable as a prosthesis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">I understand concerns about robots taking people’s jobs, an unfortunate consequence of almost every new innovation—including the internet, which (for example) turned everyone into a travel agent and eliminated much of the vacation-planning industry. If robots have a similar impact on employment, governments and the private sector will have to help people navigate the transition. But given present labor shortages in our economy and the dangerous or unrewarding nature of certain professions, I believe it’s less likely that robots replace us in jobs we love and more likely that they’ll do work people don’t want to be doing. In the process, they can make us safer, healthier, more productive, and even </span><a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/31/what-robots-can-and-cant-do-for-the-old-and-lonely" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">less lonely</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">That’s why I’m so excited about the companies across the country and around the world that are at the forefront of robotics technology, working to usher in a robotics revolution. Some of their robots are humanoid or human-like—constructed so they can interact easily in environments built for people. Others have super-human traits like flight or extendable arms that can supplement an ordinary person’s abilities. Some move around on legs. Others have wheels. Some navigate using sensors. Others are operated by remote controls.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their differences, though, one thing is certain: In healthcare, hospitality, agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and even our homes, robots have the potential to transform the way we live and work. In fact, a few of them already are.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 12pt 0pt 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some of the cutting-edge robotics start-ups and labs that I’m excited about:</span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 13pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/agilityrobotics/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Agility Robotics</span></a></h3><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="622"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 803.75pt;"><td style="background-color: white; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 3pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">If we want robots to operate in our environments as seamlessly as possible, perhaps those robots should be modeled after people. That’s what Oregon-based </span><a href="https://agilityrobotics.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Agility Robotics</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> decided when creating Digit, what they call the “first human-centric, multi-purpose robot made for logistics work.” It’s roughly the same size as a person—it’s designed to work with people, go where we go, and operate in our workflows—but it’s able to carry much heavier loads and extend its “arms” to reach shelves we’d need ladders for.</span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/tevel-aerobotics-technologies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tevel</span></a></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For farmers in some rich countries, around 40 percent of costs can come from labor—with workers spending entire days out in the hot sun and then stopping at night. But given the labor shortage in agriculture, farms often have to throw away fruit that’s not harvested in time. That’s why </span><a href="https://www.tevel-tech.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tevel</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, founded in Tel Aviv, has created flying autonomous robots that can scan tree canopies and pick ripe apples and stone fruits around the clock, while simultaneously collecting comprehensive harvesting data in real time.</span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/apptronik-inc./" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Apptronik</span></a></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">What’s more useful: multiple robots that can each do one task over and over, or one robot that can do multiple tasks and learn to do even more? To </span><a href="https://apptronik.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Apptronik</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, an Austin-based start-up that spun out of the human-centered robotics lab at the University of Texas, the answer is obvious. So they’re building “general-purpose” humanoid bi-pedal robots like Apollo, which can be programmed to do a wide array of tasks—from carrying boxes in a factory to helping out with household chores. And because it can run software from third parties, Apollo will be just a software update away from new functionalities.</span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RoMeLa</span></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Building a robot that can navigate rocky and unstable terrain, and retain its balance without falling over, is no small task. But the Robotics and Mechanisms Lab, or </span><a href="https://newsroom.ucla.edu/releases/artemis-ucla-humanoid-robot-ready-for-action" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RoMeLa</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, at UCLA is working on improving mobility for robots. They may have cracked the code with ARTEMIS, possibly the fastest “running” robot in the world that’s also difficult to destabilize. ARTEMIS actually competed at the RoboCup 2023, an international soccer competition held in France in July.</span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 7pt; margin-top: 14pt;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/fieldai/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Field AI</span></a></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Some robots don’t just need great “bodies”; they need great brains, too. That’s what </span><a href="https://fieldai.com/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0a66c2; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Field AI</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">—a robotics company based in Southern California that </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">doesn’t</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> build robots—is trying to create. Instead of focusing on the hardware of these machines, Field AI is developing AI software for </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">other </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #222222; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">companies’ robots that enables them to perceive their environments, navigate without GPS (on land, by water, or in the air), and even communicate with each other.</span></p></td></tr><tr style="height: 17pt;"><td style="background-color: white; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 12pt 5pt 5pt; vertical-align: top;"><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup><col width="609"></col></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 10pt;"><td style="overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 5pt; vertical-align: middle;"><br /><div align="left" dir="ltr" style="margin-left: 0pt;"><table style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;"><colgroup></colgroup><tbody><tr style="height: 0pt;"></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></td></tr></tbody></table></div><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-81892403680342470722024-02-02T14:01:00.007+05:002024-02-17T08:38:50.213+05:00Nubuwwa:<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank"> <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DOWNLOAD THE TEN BOOKS</span></a>. <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6qBjy7oWt0" target="_blank">Soft music in the background</a></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-beee118a-7fff-65dd-a7f8-ff7f668505cc"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nubuwwa: ‘</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Prophecy’; refers to the principle of prophethood.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nubuwwa, often translated as "prophethood," is a foundational concept in Islam. It refers to the belief that God (Allah) chooses and guides certain individuals to receive divine revelation and convey His message to humanity. These individuals are known as prophets (nabi) and messengers (rasul).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Here are some key aspects of Nubuwwa:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Purpose: The primary purpose of Nubuwwa is to guide humanity towards the worship of one God and to live a righteous life. Prophets act as teachers, reformers, and exemplars, reminding people of their spiritual and moral obligations.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Characteristics of Prophets: Prophets are generally believed to possess certain qualities, such as:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Sinlessness: They are protected from major sins and errors in conveying the divine message.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Miracles: They may be given the ability to perform miracles as proof of their prophethood.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Exemplary character: They serve as models for ethical and spiritual behavior.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Types of Prophets: There are different classifications of prophets within Islam, but two common ones are:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nabi: A prophet who receives divine revelation but is not specifically tasked with delivering a new scripture or law.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Rasul: A messenger who not only receives revelation but also brings a new scripture or law, such as Moses with the Torah or Jesus with the Gospels.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Significance of Nubuwwa:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Provides divine guidance: Nubuwwa offers a framework for understanding the purpose of life and navigating its challenges.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Strengthens faith: Belief in prophets reinforces faith in God and motivates individuals to follow His teachings.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Promotes social justice: Prophetic teachings often emphasize ethical values and social justice, contributing to a more harmonious society.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">However, it's important to remember:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The concept of Nubuwwa is primarily a religious one, and interpretations of its specifics may vary across different Islamic schools of thought.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's important to respect the diverse perspectives and beliefs held by various Muslim communities regarding prophets and their roles.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I hope this provides a brief overview of the concept of Nubuwwa. If you have any further questions or would like to explore specific aspects in more detail, please feel free to ask!</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-64704460467690712382024-01-27T12:05:00.004+05:002024-02-03T13:06:22.196+05:00Na’t: A form of religious poetic recitation of devotional verse in praise of Prophet Muhammad<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank"> DOWNLOAD TEN BOOKS</a></p><p><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Na’t:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A form of religious poetic recitation of devotional verse in praise of Prophet Muhammad.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-8b9d43bc-7fff-ba89-c4c6-e1075ff45cc8"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Na't, a genre of Urdu poetry, often explores various themes related to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), his life, teachings, and his virtues. Some common themes found in Na'ts include:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1. **Devotion and Love for the Prophet (PBUH):** Na'ts express deep devotion, love, and reverence for the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Poets use emotive language and imagery to convey their heartfelt admiration and affection for the Prophet (PBUH).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2. **Praising the Prophet's (PBUH) Qualities:** Na'ts often praise the noble qualities and virtues of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Poets highlight his kindness, generosity, wisdom, humility, and other exemplary characteristics.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3. **Celebrating the Prophet's (PBUH) Birth and Life:** Many Na'ts commemorate the birth anniversary of the Prophet (PBUH) and celebrate his life's milestones. Poets recount events from his childhood, his mission as a prophet, his struggles, and his eventual success in spreading Islam.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4. **Seeking Intercession and Blessings:** Na'ts are sometimes written to seek the intercession and blessings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Poets may ask for forgiveness, guidance, protection, and spiritual elevation through the Prophet's (PBUH) intercession.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5. **Moral and Ethical Guidance:** Na'ts often contain moral and ethical lessons derived from the life and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Poets use anecdotes and stories to illustrate how Muslims can emulate the Prophet's (PBUH) behaviour and strive for righteousness.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">6. **Historical and Biographical Narratives:** Some Na'ts provide historical and biographical accounts of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his companions. Poets narrate significant events, battles, and journeys undertaken by the Prophet (PBUH) and his followers.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">7. **Unity and Brotherhood:** Na'ts emphasise the importance of unity and brotherhood among Muslims. Poets call for harmony, cooperation, and mutual respect among believers, following the Prophet Muhammad's (PBUH) example, who fostered a sense of community and equality.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">8. **Spiritual Elevation and Purification:** Na'ts can serve as a means of spiritual elevation and purification for readers and listeners. By contemplating the Prophet's (PBUH) life and teachings, individuals may find inspiration to improve their character and strive for a deeper connection with God.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">These are some of the common themes found in Na'ts, although poets may explore additional themes and express their devotion and admiration for the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in unique and personal ways.</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-4176124305358893432024-01-18T10:12:00.005+05:002024-02-28T11:50:43.825+05:00Nass<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank"> <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DOWNLOAD THE TEN BOOKS</span></a>, LISTEN TO <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2I08k1Xz8bI" target="_blank">MUSIC</a> WHILE READING</p><span id="docs-internal-guid-6468f309-7fff-5b37-fe54-cb4f9db9dad7"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nass: </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In the Shia tradition, the explicit appointment by the Imam of the Time of his successor among his male progeny.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nass is a concept in Islamic jurisprudence that refers to the abrogation of a previous ruling or law by a subsequent one. It is derived from the Arabic root word "nasa," which means "to annul" or "to repeal." Nass is a significant principle in Islamic law as it allows for the adaptation and evolution of legal rulings in light of changing circumstances and societal needs.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The concept of nass is based on the idea that the Quran and Sunnah (the teachings and practices of the Prophet Muhammad) are the primary sources of Islamic law. However, both the Quran and the Sunnah contain verses and hadiths (sayings of the Prophet) that may appear contradictory or ambiguous. In such cases, scholars and jurists employ the principle of nass to determine which ruling takes precedence.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">There are generally two types of nass:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nass Qat'i (Conclusive Nass):</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> This refers to a clear and unambiguous text from the Quran or Sunnah that leaves no room for interpretation. When a nass qat'i abrogates a previous ruling, it is considered definitive and binding.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nass Zanni (Presumptive Nass):</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> This refers to a text from the Quran or Sunnah that is open to interpretation or may have multiple meanings. In cases of nass zanni, scholars may engage in ijtihad (independent reasoning) to determine the most appropriate ruling.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The process of nass involves careful analysis and interpretation of the relevant texts. Scholars consider factors such as the context, purpose, and overall objectives of the rulings in question. They also take into account the historical and social circumstances that may have influenced the issuance of the rulings.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The concept of nass is essential for ensuring the dynamism and adaptability of Islamic law. It allows jurists to address new issues and challenges that arise over time by interpreting and applying the existing rulings in a manner that is consistent with the principles of justice, equity, and the public interest.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">In summary, nass is a principle in Islamic jurisprudence that allows for the abrogation of previous rulings or laws by subsequent ones. It is based on the idea that the Quran and Sunnah are the primary sources of Islamic law and that these texts may contain contradictory or ambiguous rulings. Nass provides a mechanism for scholars and jurists to determine which ruling takes precedence and to adapt Islamic law to changing circumstances and societal needs.</span></p><br /></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-28883534022822520552024-01-14T13:28:00.006+05:002024-02-03T13:07:34.875+05:00Nashid<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank"> <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DOWNLOAD THE TEN BOOKS</span></a><p></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-c7f244da-7fff-23da-d9b8-5e579171507c"><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Nashid (pl.anashid): </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Religious poetry in praise of the prophet.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/a_VhW-MgM6A" width="320" youtube-src-id="a_VhW-MgM6A"></iframe></div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nashid (plural: Anasheed) is a form of Islamic vocal music characterized by its focus on spiritual and devotional themes. It is derived from the Arabic word "nashada," which means "to sing" or "to recite." Nashid is often performed a cappella or with simple instrumental accompaniment, and it typically features lyrics that are in Arabic or other languages commonly used in Muslim communities.</span><p></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">1. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Origins and History</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid has its roots in traditional Islamic chanting and recitation practices, particularly in the context of religious rituals and gatherings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - It gained popularity in the latter half of the 20th century as a means of expressing Islamic values and ideals through contemporary music.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Influenced by various musical styles, including traditional Arabic music, Sufi music, and Western popular music.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">2. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Themes and Topics</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid lyrics often revolve around themes of faith, devotion, love for God and the Prophet Muhammad, spiritual guidance, morality, social justice, and the beauty of creation.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Some Nashid also address contemporary issues, such as social problems, political conflicts, and humanitarian concerns.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">3. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Musical Characteristics</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Melodies are often simple and easy to sing, allowing for congregational participation.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Rhythms are typically steady and uncomplicated, creating a sense of unity and cohesion.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Instrumentation is often minimal, with a focus on acoustic instruments such as the oud, qanun, and percussion.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Vocals are usually clear and expressive, conveying the emotional and spiritual content of the lyrics.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">4. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Performance and Context</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid is performed in various settings, including mosques, religious gatherings, concerts, and festivals.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - It can be performed by soloists, small groups, or large choirs.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid is often accompanied by rhythmic hand clapping, tambourine playing, or other simple percussion instruments.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">5. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Cultural and Social Significance</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid serves as a means of expressing and reinforcing Islamic identity and values.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - It plays a role in promoting unity and solidarity within Muslim communities.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid has been used as a tool for education, الدعوة (calling to Islam), and social activism.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - It has gained popularity as a form of contemporary Islamic music, appealing to both religious and non-religious audiences.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">6. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Notable Artists and Groups</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Some of the most well-known Nashid artists and groups include:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Yusuf Islam (formerly Cat Stevens)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Raihan</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Sami Yusuf</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fWCgZjSc67Y" width="320" youtube-src-id="fWCgZjSc67Y"></iframe></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span><p></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Maher Zain</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Mesut Kurtis</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Humood Alkhudher</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Harris J</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">7. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Contemporary Developments</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - In recent years, Nashid has seen a resurgence in popularity, particularly among young Muslims.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - New styles and genres of Nashid have emerged, incorporating elements of pop, rock, hip-hop, and electronic music.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> - Nashid has become a global phenomenon, with artists and groups from around the world producing and performing Islamic vocal music.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-81692442951210065672024-01-14T08:10:00.021+05:002024-02-13T17:42:55.854+05:00How to end intereference of Army generals in the politics of Pakistan<p>LISTEN TO <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=08xSPoNKsrI" target="_blank">MUSIC</a> IN THE BACKGROUND </p><p><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">1. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Strengthen Civilian Control:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-6ca9bb0c-7fff-56ea-ff1b-86c5c281318a"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Implement constitutional reforms to ensure civilian supremacy over the military.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Establish clear lines of authority and accountability between the military and civilian leadership.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Create an independent body to oversee the military's budget and procurement processes. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">2. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Promote Political Inclusivity:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Encourage the participation of all political parties in the democratic process, including those critical of the military's role in politics.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Address the grievances of marginalized groups and ensure their representation in political institutions.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Judicial Independence:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Strengthen the independence of the judiciary to ensure it can hold the military accountable for any illegal or unconstitutional actions.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Establish mechanisms for citizens to seek legal redress against military interference in politics.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Accountability and Transparency:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Enact laws to prevent military personnel from holding political office or engaging in political activities.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Establish mechanisms to investigate and prosecute military officers involved in political interference.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Promote transparency in military spending and procurement processes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Demilitarize Education and Media:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Review and revise curricula in educational institutions to eliminate militaristic and anti-democratic content.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Promote media freedom and independence to ensure diverse viewpoints are represented.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Encourage media outlets to critically examine the military's role in politics.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">6. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">International Pressure:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Engage with international organizations and partner countries to raise awareness about the issue of military interference in Pakistan's politics.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Encourage international pressure on Pakistan's leadership to implement reforms and uphold democratic principles.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">7. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Civic Education and Awareness:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Launch public awareness campaigns to educate citizens about the importance of civilian control over the military.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Encourage civil society organizations to monitor and report on military interference in politics.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Promote civic engagement and participation in democratic processes.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">8. **</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Long-Term Reforms:</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">** </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Support efforts to reform the military's structure, culture, and education system to promote a more democratic and professional ethos.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Address the underlying causes of military interventionism, such as economic inequality, political instability, and weak democratic institutions.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">- Implement long-term reforms to promote sustainable democratic governance in Pakistan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9. <span style="color: red;"><b>Reforms within the army:</b></span></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, monospace; font-size: 18.6667px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The problem is the overarching power concentrated in the COAS. This must be the starting point for any initiative to get the army back to barracks.
The top forum, more like an echo chamber is the corps commander's one.
Incentivising these LTGs to speak truth to power is the way forward.
This should be done by:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, monospace; font-size: 18.6667px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A. Reminder of the terms of <a href="https://hisamullahbeg.blogspot.com/2023/09/concept-of-baya-in-islam.html" target="_blank">'Baya'</a> given at the 'passing out' from PMA under 48.10 of the Qur'an:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0pt 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #999999; font-size: 7.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This is a portion of the entire surah. View </span><a href="https://legacy.quran.com/48/7-13" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">more context</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #999999; font-size: 7.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> or the </span><a href="https://legacy.quran.com/48" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 7.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">entire surah</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #999999; font-size: 7.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #fffff2; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 9pt 0pt 0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://legacy.quran.com/48/10" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #fef2da; color: #d6b169; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">48:10</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: #fffff2; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 14.85px; line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 4pt 0pt 0pt; text-align: center;"><a href="https://legacy.quran.com/48/10#0" style="color: #336699; text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #999999; font-size: 8.5pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">to top</span></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 168px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; overflow: hidden; width: 624px;"><img alt="48:10" height="108" src="https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/_6lWQ81Ath9l8yB9BWrA25UIbfYwjK7bTzsAoHOMTm9HiT4ocMcLV2JnbjgppUjpYTHp_-0IiU4cYDj37flqzqD0H8L4wtj--IyMpIJY1wyrMEMSQmvoGN04Zluvi8LcuCDqrc6BoZ5DC83tOlVZakI=w400-h108" style="border: none; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; position: relative;" width="400" /></span></div><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, monospace; font-size: 18.6667px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">B. No extension beyond 4 years for LTGs. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, monospace; font-size: 18.6667px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">C. No jobs for retired LTGs for 6 years after retirement.</span></p><div style="line-height: 1.38; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Courier New, monospace; font-size: 18.6667px; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">D. Asset declaration at the time of promotion to LTG.</span></div>E<span style="font-family: courier;">. Revising the role and structure of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-Services_Intelligence#Organization" target="_blank">ISI</a> through Parliament - <span id="docs-internal-guid-7530cef3-7fff-1deb-ce1b-57e608ab7ff6"><span style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #111111; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Joint Intelligence Bureau</span><span face="Roboto, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; color: #111111; font-size: 12pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></span>The political wing dealing with internal politics must be removed, and the position of Director General must be appointed from a professional rising within the organisation instead of serving armed forces officers.</span></span><div><span><span style="font-family: courier;">F. Deputation of serving military officers as MS/ADC to the president and PM must be discontinued.</span></span></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-67689145973670298492024-01-08T09:23:00.023+05:002024-02-21T16:36:53.662+05:00 Shia Imami Ismaili Muslims in the World <p>Listen to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrXtYMVYxJw" target="_blank">RECITATION</a> in the background, <a href="https://text-speech.net/" target="_blank">Text to Speech Online</a></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #00a19a; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Shia Ismaili Muslims are a community of ethnically and culturally diverse peoples living in over 25 countries around the world, united in their allegiance to His Highness Prince Karim Aga Khan (known to the Ismailis as Mawlana Hazar Imam) as the 49th hereditary Imam (spiritual leader), and direct descendant of Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him and his family).</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> For details on faith and practice download the ten books from this </span><br /><br /><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/home/">LINK</a> <a href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/12GCtoNPrQJ8cLGxcmJ_cKIiz3uSgoHMLqe-RWYxk21k/edit">link</a>:<br /><br />Jamati system is based on the <a href="https://hisamullahbeg.blogspot.com/2014/04/the-constitution-of-shia-imami-ismaili.html">GLOBAL CONSTITUTION</a> issued in 1998 - Outline:<br /><br />A. Leaders International Forum - Article four.<br /><br />B. Councils - Article five.<br /><br />C. Apex Institutions and Aga Khan Development Network (as follows)-Article six.<br /></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><a href="https://ismaili.imamat/#home">The Ismaili Imamat:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home">The Aga Khan Development Network:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/">Institute of Ismaili Studies:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.agakhanmuseum.org/index.html">Aga Khan Museum:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.pluralism.ca/">Global Centre for Pluralism:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.aku.edu/Pages/home.aspx">Aga Khan University: </a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.ucentralasia.org/">University of Central Asia:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.agakhanhospitals.org/en/home">Aga Khan Health Services:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/">Aga Khan Academies:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/">Aga Khan Schools:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://web.mit.edu/akpia/www/">Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.ismaili/ismaili-centres">Ismaili Centres:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-agency-habitat">Aga Khan Agency for Habitat:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-foundation">Aga Khan Foundation:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-trust-culture">Aga Khan Trust for Culture:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-agency-microfinance">Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance:</a></li><li><br /></li><li><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-fund-economic-development">Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development:</a></li></ul>D. Central Institutions - Article seven.<br /><br />E. Tariqa and Religious Education - Article eight.<br /><br />F. Grants and Review Boards - Article nine<br /><br />G. Darkhanas and Principal Jamatkhanas - Article ten.<br /><br />H. Mukhis and Kamadias - Article eleven.<br /><br />I. International Conciliation and Arbitration Board -Article twelve.<br /><br />J. National Conciliation and Arbitration Boards - Article thirteen.<br /><br />K. Disciplinary Action-Article fourteen<br /><br />L. Personal Law-Article fifteen.<br /><br />M. Prerogatives of Mawlana Hazar Imam, the Ismaili Flag and Nashid al-Imamah - Article sixteen.<br /><br />N. Titles of Honour and Dignities - Article seventeen. <br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>SOUTH ASIA</b></span><br /><br />1. <span style="color: #2b00fe;">PAKISTAN</span><br /><br />The Ismaili population in Pakistan is estimated to be around 2-3 million, making them the second-largest Shia Muslim community in the country after the Twelver Shia. Ismailis are concentrated in the northern mountainous regions of Pakistan, particularly in the Gilgit-Baltistan region and the Chitral district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. There are also significant Ismaili communities in the cities of Karachi, the twin cities of Rawalpindi/Islamabad and Lahore.Small numbers are settled in many towns and villages in Sind, Baluchistan, KPK and Punjab as well.<br /><br />Ismailis have a long history in Pakistan, dating back to the 11th century. They have played an important role in the country's political, economic, and cultural development. Ismailis have held high-ranking positions in the government, military, and business sectors. They have also made significant contributions to the arts, literature, and education in Pakistan.<br /><br />However, Ismailis have also faced discrimination and persecution in Pakistan. In the past, they have been subjected to forced conversions, violence, and economic boycotts. In recent years, there have been several attacks on Ismaili mosques and community centres in Pakistan.<br /><br />Despite these challenges, Ismailis remain a vibrant and active community in Pakistan. They have many educational institutions, cultural organisations, and social welfare programs. They are also actively involved in interfaith dialogue and peacebuilding efforts.<br /><br />Here are some notable Ismailis from Pakistan:<br /><br />* Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III (1877-1957): He was the 48th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims and the founder of the All-India Muslim League. He was also the president of the ‘League of Nations' - before the current “United Nations” was established.<br /><br />Muhammad Ali Jinnah -popularly known as Quaid-e-Azam and accepted as the architect of Pakistan. <br /><br />Prince Ali Salman Khan - (13 June 1911 – 12 May 1960), known as Aly Khan, was a Pakistani diplomat of Iranian and Italian descent. He was the son of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_III">Aga Khan III</a> and the father of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV">Aga Khan IV</a>. He served as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_Pakistan_to_the_United_Nations">Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations</a> from 1958 to 1960, where he became a vice president of the General Assembly.<br /><br />* Prince Karim Aga Khan IV (born 1936): He is the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims and the current spiritual leader of the Ismaili community worldwide.<br /><br />These are just a few examples of the many Ismailis who have made significant contributions to Pakistan in various fields especially through ‘Time and Knowledge Nazrana.’<br /><br />**History of Ismailis in Pakistan**<br /><br />The Isma'ili community in Pakistan traces its roots back to the 11th century when missionaries from Persia introduced the Isma'ili faith to the region. Ismailis gradually established themselves in various parts of the country, particularly in the northern mountainous regions and the Indus Valley. Over the centuries, they faced persecution and discrimination from various rulers, including the Mughal Empire (especially Aurangzeb) and many others such as Mehtar of Chitral. It is a historical fact Ismaili Imam Sultan Muhammad Shah and leaders like Muhammad Ali Jinnah (titled Quaid-e-Azam) are the leading architects in the establishment and sustenance of Pakistan.<br /><br />**Contributions of Ismailis to Pakistan**<br /><br />Ismailis have made significant contributions to Pakistan's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organisations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, military, and business sectors. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Significant Land MARKS</b></span><br /><br />Accession of the Ismaili State of Hunza - 03 November 1947 - 7 December 1947<br /><br />Purchase of Gawadar from Sultan of Amman for Pakistan - 1956 -1958.<br />Infrastructure and economic development<br />HEALTH SERVICES - <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.agakhanhospitals.org/en/dar-es-salaam" target="_blank">VIEW DETAILS</a></span><div><span style="color: red;">EDUCARION SERVICES - <a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/south-asia/pakistan" target="_blank">VIEW DETAILS.</a></span></div><div><span style="color: red;"><br /></span>In Pakistan, a prize-winning AKDN programme has introduced micro-hydroelectric plants that generate enough power to light a village or even several communities. Over 180 “micro-hydel” units, supplying electricity to 54 per cent of the population of Chitral, Pakistan, have been built. In 2004, the programme won an Ashden Award for Sustainable Energy in recognition of “outstanding and innovative renewable energy projects”.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">INSTITUTES FOR EDUCATIONAL DEVE</span>LOPMENT<br /><br />The Institutes have awarded nearly 2,200 degrees and diplomas.<br /><br />Graduates of our Institutes for Educational Development in Pakistan and East Africa use innovative, evidence-based teaching methods and effective leadership practices to transform classroom instruction and school management.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/institutes-for-educational-development">Learn more</a><br /><br />The Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) in Pakistan has restored a number of major forts, traditional settlements, mosques and public spaces in the high valleys of Gilgit-Baltistan province. More recently, it has begun work on the restoration of the Walled City of Lahore, Punjab.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/south-asia/pakistan/cultural-development-pakistan">Read more</a><br /><br />UNIVERSITY HOSPITALS NETWORK<br /><br />AKU treats over two million patients a year.<br /><br />Our seven hospitals and 340 outreach health centres in Pakistan, East Africa and Afghanistan provide international-quality care backed by the latest knowledge.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/university-hospitals-network">Learn more</a><br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">MEDICAL COLLEGES</span><br /><br />Almost 8,000 people have graduated from AKU’s medical colleges.<br /><br />Our Medical Colleges educate world-class physicians and are internationally renowned for their research.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/medical-colleges">Learn more</a><br /><br />Karachi: <span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aga Khan University and Hospital </span><br />The University of Karachi was founded in 1983 by Prince Karim Aga Khan IV, the spiritual leader of the Ismaili Muslims. It is one of the largest universities in Pakistan and offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs. Aga Khan University is an autonomous, international institution of distinction, primarily serving the developing world and Muslim societies in innovative and enduring ways.<br />Mission<br /><br />The Aga Khan University is committed to the development of human capacities through the discovery and dissemination of knowledge, and application through service.<br /><br />It seeks to prepare individuals for constructive and exemplary leadership roles, and shaping public and private policies, through strength in research and excellence in education, all dedicated to providing meaningful contributions to society.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">SCHOOLS OF NURSING AND MIDWIFERY</span><br /><br />AKU has educated almost 7,800 nursing leaders.<br /><br />Our influential Schools of Nursing and Midwifery educate nursing and midwifery leaders for Pakistan and East Africa.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/schools-nursing-and-midwifery">Learn more</a><br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">EXAMINATION BOARD<br /></span><br />To date, nearly 44,000 students have graduated from schools affiliated with the AKU Examination Board.<br /><br />The Examination Board’s school-leaving examinations reward critical thinking and problem solving. It is considered a model for other Examination Boards in Pakistan.<br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/examination-board">Learn more</a><br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">College of Science and Arts<br />Aga Khan Academies</span><br /><br />GB & KPK: <br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aga Khan Hospital Gilgit and </span><span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.agakhanhospitals.org/en/outreach-health-centres-pakistan" target="_blank">Health Centres</a> in the region.</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">PDCN Gilgit: Faculty Development Promoting excellence in teaching, The PDCN aims to strengthen the profession of teaching in the region by providing substantial professional learning opportunities and modelling highly effective educational practice. PDCs offer substantial programmes under their Professional Learning for Educators Series (PLES) for teachers in local government, independent and not-for-profit schools.</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Girls Higher Secondary School Hunza -<a href="https://www.agakhanschools.org/Pakistan" target="_blank">VIEW DETAILS</a>.</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Higher Secondary School Gahkuch Ghazer</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Middle School Sher Qilla Punial</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Medical Centre Sher Qilla Punial AKES/DJ schools are spread throughout each village in Hunza, Ghazer and Chitral Districts.</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Restoration of Historical Buildings/Forts </span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">A. Khapulo Fort Baltistan</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">B. Shigar Fort Baltistan</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">C. Altit and </span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">D. <a href="https://hunzaculturalforumhcfislamabad.blogspot.com/2019/11/hunza-culture-and-bht.html" target="_blank">Baltit Forts in Hunza</a> - <a href="https://hunzaculturalforumhcfislamabad.blogspot.com/2018/12/mandate-of-baltit-heritage-trust.html" target="_blank">BHT</a></span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">PDC Chitral</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Higher Secondary School Chitral</span></li><li><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Girls Higher Secondary School Buni Chitral</span></li></ul>**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in Pakistan**<br /><br />Despite their contributions, Ismailis in Pakistan have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in rural areas. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.<br /><br />Example - Extract from the presentation made by one of the leading intelligence agencies to the President of the country when he visited Gilgit and Baltistan:<br /><br />‘RECOMMENDATIONS:<br />1. The activities of organisations like AKRSP (The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme is a community-based development organization working in rural areas to improve the quality of life for marginalized communities) need to be kept under constant surveillance. In this regard, a deliberate campaign be organised covertly to educate people to prevent their subversion. The locals must understand that AKRSP is manipulating their savings and the funds provided by the government and does not contribute much from its resources except for a few International Philanthropist donations,<br />2. The splinter religious groups like QADIANIS have always been patronized by powers hostile to Muslim Umma in the past also and hence there is a need to deal with the Ismailies with greater care. <br />3. The emerging trends need to be identified and countermeasures be taken. <br />4. At the decision-making level, Efforts be made as long as a long-term measure to promote awareness to counter the efforts of anti-state elements. Ismaili sect needs to be evaluated in its true perspective, however caution has to be exercised in this regard as the international community had earlier blown out of proportion the so-called discrimination against Qadianis. <br />5. The misunderstood “missionary Zeel” projected by Agencies like AKRSP must be countered at all levels. Adequate facilities concerning education, health, agricultural development programmes etc, be initiated by the government and given wide publicity as these are the ones being exploited by the outsiders and to which the locals fall prey.’<br /><br />FACTS VS this FICTION: Goals- In 25-years - assigned at the time of launching AKRSP in 1982:<br /><br /> ONE: Improve the economic conditions so that populations in Northern areas and Chitral can meet the ever increasing costs of health and education and also become SELF SUSTAINING.<br /><br />TWO. Groom indigenous leadership capable of establishing democracy, (pre-requisite for meritocracy and pluralism) and also capable of planning for a better quality of life for their future without external inputs.<br /><br />THREE: Facilitate establishment of <a href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001418/141843e.pdf">Knowledge Society</a> in the Program Area.<br /><br />**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**<br />Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in Pakistan. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in Pakistan, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.<br /><br />ANALYSIS shared by intelligence agencies with the government concludes that all these activities are aimed at forming an ISMAILI STATE comprising the areas in Northern Pakistan, Badakhshan in Afghanistan and Tajikistan and also a portion of XINKIANG in China.:<br /><span style="color: red;">“Though at present, no overt currents are visible regarding the creation of a separate state in NAs however, covert undercurrents and indicators do exist. Print media keeps on highlighting the vested interests of some powers in NAs. Interests of the United States can not be ruled out. There is a need to keep monitoring the situation by intelligence agencies and visible change in the government stance and foreign policy to handle this issue.”</span><br /><br />This analysis is just a FICTION as compared to the historical FACTS which are as follows:<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"> In 1946 the Imam of the time sent his advice to the Mir of Hunza through my father (designated as Nazim-e-Umur for Central Asia) to accede his state - the only Ismaili state in the subcontinent -to the upcoming Islamic State of Pakistan. The Mir actively advocated with Mir of Nagar - a non-Ismaili state- to follow the same.</span><br /><br />Subsequent events and the liberation of Gilgit and Baltistan can be read on these: <a href="https://hisamullahbeg.blogspot.com/2019/01/gilgit-scouts.html">LINK1</a>, <a href="https://hisamullahbeg.blogspot.com/2013/05/status-of-gb-part-ii.html">LINK2</a>, <a href="https://hisamullahbeg.blogspot.com/2019/01/gilgit-scouts.html">MEESAQ</a> - penned by Safiullah Beg VCO with four other VCOs mainly from Hunza and Nager. <br /><br />In conclusion, Ismailis in Pakistan are a vibrant and diverse community that has made significant contributions to the country's development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in Pakistan.<br /><br />2. <span style="color: #2b00fe;">BANGLA DESH</span><br /><br />There is no significant presence of Ismaili population in Bangladesh.<br />The majority of Muslims in Bangladesh are Sunni, with a small minority of Shia Muslims. The Shia community in Bangladesh is estimated to be around 1-2% of the total population, and it is primarily concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the country. There are no known Ismaili communities within the Shia community in Bangladesh.<br /><br />The absence of an Ismaili population in Bangladesh is likely due to a combination of historical and cultural factors. After the events in 1971, a small number of Ismailis who had established successful businesses migrated to West Pakistan and other countries such as Canada. Historically Ismailis have been a persecuted minority in many parts of the Muslim world, and they have faced discrimination and violence in many countries. This may have discouraged Ismailis from settling in Bangladesh. Additionally, the cultural and linguistic differences between Ismailis and the majority Bengali population may have also contributed to the lack of an Ismaili community in Bangladesh.<br /><br />As a result, there are no Ismaili mosques, community centres, or organizations in Bangladesh. There are also no known Ismaili leaders. Recently however a representative is posted in the country to look after the AKDN initiatives in this country.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Significant Landmarks</b></span>:<br />Aga Khan Academy Dacca - In 2000, His Highness the Aga Khan initiated the establishment of the Aga Khan Academies, an integrated network of schools to be located in countries across Africa, South and Central Asia, and the Middle East.<br />The Academies aim to develop future leaders with the skills and knowledge to support positive development in their societies. The Academies achieve this by recruiting exceptional young people from all backgrounds and providing them with the highest international standard of education.<br /><br /><div>Global network<br />When complete, the network of Academies will form a global learning community of about 18 schools in 14 countries (<a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/general/aga-khan-academies-worldwide">view a map</a>). They will eventually serve approximately 14,000 girls and boys of exceptional calibre, graduating 1,500 students annually.<br /><br />The first Aga Khan Academy opened in <a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/mombasa">Mombasa, Kenya</a> in 2003, the second in <a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/hyderabad">Hyderabad, India</a> in 2011 and the third in <a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/maputo">Maputo, Mozambique</a> in 2013<br /><br />Admission is based upon merit, with financial aid available to ensure access for accepted students regardless of financial circumstances.<br /><br />The Academy programme develops students who are committed to positive change and can understand and analyse complex issues of local, national and global significance.<br /><br />The curriculum is built on the framework of the <a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/maputo/international-baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate (IB)</a>. The IB is a thorough, multidisciplinary curriculum that fosters:<br /><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>intellectual curiosity</li><li>creativity</li><li>leadership development</li><li>social consciousness</li><li>a pluralistic sensibility. </li></ul>3. <span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>INDIA</b></span><br /><br />Ismailis in India are a significant Muslim community, constituting approximately 800,000 to 1 million people. The Ismailis have a rich history and culture in India, and they have made significant contributions to the country's development.<br /><br />**History of Ismailis in India**<br /><br />The Isma'ili community in India traces its roots back to the 11th century, when missionaries from Persia introduced the Isma'ili faith to the region. Ismailis gradually established themselves in various parts of the country, particularly in the western states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. Over the centuries, they faced persecution and discrimination from various rulers, including the Mughal Empire and the British Raj.<br /><br />**Contributions of Ismailis to India**<br /><br />Ismailis have made significant contributions to India's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organisations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, military, and business sectors. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.<br /><br />Ismailis have made significant contributions to the development of India in various fields, including education, healthcare, social welfare, and economic development.<br /><br />**Education:**<br /><br />* The Aga Khan Education Service, India (AKES,I) is a network of over 200 schools and colleges across India, providing quality education to students from all socioeconomic backgrounds.<br />* The Aga Khan Academies are a network of world-class residential schools in Hyderabad, Mumbai, and Surat, offering a rigorous academic program and a focus on leadership and character development.<br /><br />**Healthcare:**<br /><br />* The Aga Khan Health Services, India (AKHS,I) is a network of hospitals, clinics, and dispensaries providing affordable and accessible healthcare services to underserved communities across India.<br /><br />* The Aga Khan University Hospital in Mumbai is a state-of-the-art hospital offering a wide range of medical and surgical services. It is also a teaching hospital for the Aga Khan University Medical College.<br /><br />**Social Welfare:**<br /><br />* The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (AKRSP) is a community-based development organization working in rural areas of India to improve the quality of life for marginalized communities.<br />* The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) India supports a range of social welfare programs, including microfinance, disaster relief, and community development initiatives.<br /><br />**Economic Development:**<br /><br />* The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) has invested in a number of businesses and industries in India, creating jobs and stimulating economic growth.<br />* The Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM) provides microfinance services to low-income entrepreneurs in India, helping them to start and grow their businesses.<br /><br />In addition to these institutional contributions, Ismailis in India have also made significant contributions to the country's development through their individual efforts in various fields. Ismailis have served as doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers, judges, politicians, and business leaders, contributing to the progress and prosperity of India.<br /><br />Here are some notable Ismailis who have made significant contributions to the development of India:<br /><br />* Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah Aga Khan III (1877-1957): He was the 48th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims and the founder of the All-India Muslim League. He played a key role in the Indian independence movement and was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi.<br />* Prince Karim Aga Khan IV (born 1936): He is the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims and the current spiritual leader of the Ismaili community worldwide. He has been a strong advocate for education, healthcare, and social development in India and around the world.<br />* Azim Premji (born 1945): He is an Indian billionaire businessman and philanthropist. He is the chairman of Wipro Limited, one of India's largest IT companies. He has donated billions of dollars to various philanthropic causes, including education and healthcare.<br />* Firoz Merchant (1936-2020): He was an Indian journalist, author, and human rights activist. He was a vocal critic of communalism and intolerance in India.<br />* Salman Khurshid (born 1953): He is an Indian politician and lawyer. He served as the Minister of External Affairs in the government of Prime Minister Manmohan Singh.<br /><br />These are just a few examples of the many Ismailis who have made significant contributions to the development of India. Ismailis have played a positive and constructive role in Indian society for centuries, and they continue to do so today.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Significant Landmarks<br /></b></span><br />The urban renewal project in Delhi integrates conservation, socioeconomic development and urban and environmental development objectives in consultation with local communities and relevant stakeholders.<br /><br /><br /><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/south-asia/india/cultural-development-india">Read more</a><br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Aga Khan Academy Hyderabad<br />Restoration of Humayun's Tomb Complex, New Delhi, India. </span><br /><br />**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in India**<br /><br />Despite their contributions, Ismailis in India have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in rural areas. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.<br /><br />**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**<br /><br />Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in India. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in India, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.<br /><br />In conclusion, Ismailis in India are a vibrant and diverse community that has made significant contributions to the country's development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in India.<br /><br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>CENTRAL ASIA</b></span><br /><br />Central Asia covers a very broad area including Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Northern Areas of Pakistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Xinjiang province of China and northeastern parts of Iran (also known as Khurasan). This makes Central Asia a region where perhaps the majority of the modern Ismaili community lives. Their presence is concentrated in the following regions: Iran; the Central part of Afghanistan (i.e., Kabul and Kayan valley of Baghlan province where the Ismailis are of Hazara background); and Badakhshan, i.e. the mountainous valleys that stretch between northeast Afghanistan, Northern Areas of Pakistan, Badakhshan province of Tajikistan and Tashkurghan district of Xinjiang province of China. In modern times, some of these communities have been fairly mobile. As a result of past migration, they now live in many other parts of Central Asia, South Asia, Russia, as well as Europe and North America.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;"><b>Significant Land MARKS</b></span>: The University of Central Asia (UCA) was founded to promote the social and economic development of Central Asia, particularly its mountain communities. It offers an internationally recognised standard of higher education and enables the people of the region to preserve their rich cultural heritage as assets for the future.<br /><br />It is also an example of what can be achieved through international cooperation, having been established through an International Treaty and Agreement signed by the Presidents of the Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan and His Highness the Aga Khan.<br /><br /><br />4. <span style="color: #2b00fe;">AFGHANISTAN</span><br /><br />The Ismaili population in Afghanistan is difficult to determine due to the lack of comprehensive census data and the country's ongoing political instability. However, estimates suggest that between 60,000 and 100,000 Ismailis are living in Afghanistan, making up a small minority of the country's total population.<br /><br />The majority of Afghan Ismailis are concentrated in the remote and mountainous regions of the country, particularly in the provinces of Badakhshan, Takhar, and Kunduz. These areas have traditionally been home to the Ismaili community, and many Ismailis continue to live in rural villages and small towns in these provinces.<br /><br /><br />In recent years, there has been a trend of Ismaili migration from rural areas to urban centers, particularly to the capital city of Kabul. This migration is driven by a number of factors, including economic opportunities, access to education and healthcare, and the hope for a more stable and secure life. As a result, there are now small but growing Ismaili communities in Kabul and other major cities in Afghanistan.<br /><br />Despite their small numbers, Ismailis have made significant contributions to Afghan society. They have served in various government positions, worked as professionals in various fields, and actively participated in civil society organizations. However, Ismailis have also faced challenges and discrimination in Afghanistan. They have been targeted for persecution by extremist groups, and they have often been denied equal access to education, employment, and other opportunities.<br /><br />In recent years, there have been some efforts to improve the situation of Ismailis in Afghanistan. The Afghan government has recognized the Ismaili community as a distinct religious group, and there have been initiatives to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding. Additionally, international organizations have provided support to Ismaili communities in Afghanistan, working to improve their access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.<br /><br />Despite these challenges, the Ismaili community in Afghanistan remains resilient and continues to contribute to the country's social and cultural fabric.<br /><br /><span style="color: #2b00fe;">Significant Land MARKS</span><br /><br />In Afghanistan, a range of conservation efforts, living condition improvements, community development programmes and planning initiatives have been implemented in several neighbourhoods of the war-damaged old city of Kabul. In Herat, revitalisation efforts have encompassed five important historic houses and 17 public buildings.<br />Bridging communities - Bridges between Afghanistan and Tajikistan<br /><br />Shugnan Bridge is one of five bridges which the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) has built and rehabilitated over the Pyanj River to connect the Gorno-Badakhshan region in Tajikistan with Afghan Badakhshan. Providing communities on both sides of the border access to an expanded marketplace drastically increases the potential for income-generating activities and improves livelihoods. It also ensures healthcare services to communities in Afghan Badakhshan by facilitating the crossing of Tajik health professionals to Shugnan Clinic and other nearby community health posts.<br /><br />MINI HYDROELECTRIC PLANTS<br /><br />In the quest for sustainable energy sources, remote communities in developing countries pose special challenges. In the mountainous regions of Central Asia and northern Pakistan, villages are often isolated, and far removed from any functioning electricity grid. One solution, first pioneered by the Aga Khan Foundation in Pakistan, involves digging a narrow channel along a hillside to divert water into a pipe. The pressure created by the water flowing through the pipe is enough to turn a turbine and produce 20-100kw of power. These micro-hydroelectric plants generate enough power to light a village or even several communities.<br /><br />Over 180 micro-hydel units, supplying electricity to 50 per cent of the population of Chitral, Pakistan, have been built, and the projects are implemented, maintained and managed by the communities themselves. Several dozen other such plants are in operation in Tajikistan and Afghanistan. AKDN also operates large-scale hydroelectric power plants in Tajikistan and Uganda, bringing affordable, clean and reliable energy resources to communities and people in some of the most energy-poor regions of the world.<br /><br />KABUL<br /><br />In 2002, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) began the rehabilitation of Bagh-e Babur. This is a walled and terraced garden containing the tomb of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire. Improvements include restoring walls and the Queen’s Palace, re-laying water channels, reconstructing a caravanserai to provide space for a visitor’s centre, shops and offices, and replanting trees favoured by the Mughals. A range of community upgrading activities has also been carried out. This has improved the water and sanitation facilities for 10,000 inhabitants of the surrounding residential area, which has been the focus of joint area-planning initiatives with Kabul Municipality.<br /><br />AKTC has restored an imposing 19th-century mausoleum in central Kabul over the grave of Timur Shah, the king who made Kabul the Afghan capital in place of Kandahar. The surrounding open space has been reclaimed and landscaped to create a green park in the heart of the city.<br /><br />Since 2003, we have been conserving key historic buildings, including houses, mosques, shrines and public facilities, in the war-damaged quarters of the old city of Kabul. Upgrading works have also improved living conditions for some 15,000 residents of the old city in the neighbourhoods of Asheqan wa Arefan, Chindawol and Kuche Kharabat.<br />As of 2021, we had:<p></p><ul style="text-align: left;"><li>rehabilitated five public open spaces (including the ongoing Kabul River Front Transformation and the Bala Hissar citadel projects);</li><li>paved more than 22,000m² of pedestrian alleyways, walkways and streets;</li><li>improved 134 houses through grants and technical advice;</li><li>trained more than 6,000 youth in carpentry, wood carving, masonry, traditional plastering, tailoring, embroidery, carpet and kilim weaving, rubab making, electricity, tinsmith, horticulture and literacy; and</li><li>generated more than 915,000 workdays for skilled and unskilled labour.</li></ul><p>Read more about<a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/afghanistan/cultural-development-overview-afghanistan/restoration-in-kabul-afghanistan"> restoration in Kabul</a><br /><br />Herat<br /><br />We have carried out documentation, conservation and upgrading works since 2005 in surviving historic sections of the old city of Herat, in western Afghanistan. This has been supported by efforts to improve urban management and governance in the city. In addition, we have undertaken restoration work on an important Timurid shrine complex in Gazorgah, northeast of the city.<br /><br />Logar<br /><br /><br />Protecting the Mes Aynak archaeological site and its works of art.<br /><br /><br />Aga Khan Cultural Services – Afghanistan, with support from the International alliance for the protection of heritage in conflict areas (ALIPH), is undertaking emergency conservation to prevent further loss and damage to key artifacts and heritage at a third-seventh century Buddhist settlement in Mes Aynak. <a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/afghanistan/cultural-development-overview-afghanistan/conservation-in-logar-afghanistan">Read more about conservation in Logar.</a><br /><br /><br /><br />As of 2021, we had:<br /><br /><br /></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-dc3f8d34-7fff-bd9c-5cba-81d4fad4acd2"><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">conserved 41 public buildings and monuments (including the ongoing Fifth Minaret of the Musalla Complex);</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">paved five public open spaces;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">rehabilitated 35,000m² of pedestrian alleyways, walkways and streets;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">rehabilitated seven houses;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">improved 60 houses through grants and technical advice;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Employed 15 master craftsmen to train 75 apprentices, trained 120 skilled labourers, trained 30 youth as carpenters, masons and glass makers; and</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">generated 507,000 workdays for skilled and unskilled labour.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more about</span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/afghanistan/cultural-development-overview-afghanistan/restoration-in-herat-afghanistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">restoration in Herat</span></a></p><br /><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Balkh</span></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have also been involved in a number of revitalisation measures in Balkh, including the Noh Gunbad Mosque and the shrine of Abu Nasr Khwaja Parsa.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">As of 2021, we had:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">conserved 13 monuments;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">rehabilitated two public open spaces;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">paved 10,000m² of pedestrian alleyways, walkways and streets;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">supported the training of 68 apprentices by 10 master craftsmen through conservation efforts;</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">trained 110 men as carpenters, masons and tile makers and 47 women in tailoring; and</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">generated 170,000 workdays for skilled and unskilled labour.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more about</span><a href="http://www.akdn.org/where-we-work/central-asia/afghanistan/cultural-development/restoration-balkh" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> restoration in Balkh</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">5.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">KAZAKHSTAN</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Kazakhstan will host one of the three campuses of the University of Central Asia (UCA), the world's first university dedicated exclusively to education and research on mountain regions and societies. The Aga Khan Music Programme also works within Kazakhstan, contributing to the revitalisation and continuing evolution of music in Central Asia.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">His Highness the Aga Khan received the State Award for Peace and Progress from President Nazarbayev in 2002.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Over 10,000 students have been enrolled in a Murager programme, which promotes indigenous musical traditions in Kazakhstan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Music Programme sustains, develops and transmits Kazakh musical traditions. It teaches children, supports musicians, puts on performances and produces recordings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UCA’s School of Professional and Continuing Education reaches over 19,000 learners.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UCA was established to promote the social and economic development of Central Asia’s mountain communities. Its new campus in Tekeli will offer undergraduate degrees, while its School of Professional and Continuing Education offers professional and vocational qualifications.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">6.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">KYRGYZ REPUBLIC</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN establishes and supports institutions and programmes that help develop an economically dynamic, socially prosperous and intellectually and culturally vibrant Kyrgyz Republic. These include the main campus of the University of Central Asia (UCA) in Naryn; the Aga Khan School, Osh; the First MicroFinance Company (FMFC); the Kyrgyz Investment Credit Bank; the Medical and Diagnostic Centre in Naryn; development initiatives supporting over 520,000 people in Osh, Jalal-Abad, Batken and Naryn; and music and arts education.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">520,000</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have reached over 520,000 people in Osh, Jalal-Abad, Batken and Naryn oblasts</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN improves infrastructure, farming productivity and diversification; ensures access to financial services; and helps farmers collaborate to negotiate better terms and convey local needs to government.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/agriculture-and-food-security-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CIVIL SOCIETY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) supports civil society organisations reaching 237,000 people</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Our work with civil society groups includes organisational assessment and strengthening, facilitating peer exchange, brokering linkages, co-creation and collaborative implementation</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/civil-society-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Centre Ustatshakirt teaches traditional theatre, literature and music to 8,000 primary and secondary school students</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Centre Ustatshakirt works with educational institutions across the Kyrgyz Republic. It introduces primary school children to national musical and literary traditions, and trains talented performers in musical instruments, composition and music arranging.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/culture-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">14,500 children have access to quality early childhood services</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Early Childhood Development programme seeks to increase the capacity of existing kindergartens and to provide affordable, quality and culturally-sensitive curricula for children aged three to six.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/early-childhood-development-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Kyrgyz Investment and Credit Bank (KICB) serves over 324,000 clients</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We helped found KICB, which invests in the country’s main economic sectors and provides remote banking services, loans, insurance and financial literacy courses. We strengthen economic opportunities for women, support small businesses to grow and prepare youth for work.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/economic-development-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more </span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UCA’s School of Professional and Continuing Education (SPCE) benefits over 34,000 learners in the Kyrgyz Republic</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We invest in education for every age group, supporting government school systems as well as providing our own education. UCA’s Naryn campus offers undergraduate degrees, while the SPCE provides professional and vocational courses for youth and adults.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/education-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HEALTH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We support health services reaching over 34,000 people per year</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF operates a community health programme, advising expectant mothers and establishing kitchen gardens to supplement nutrition. Teleconsultations and e-learning sessions have improved remote access to health care. A family medicine and diagnostics centre has been launched in Naryn.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/health-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MICROFINANCE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The First MicroFinance Company Kyrgyz Republic (FMFC-K) serves over 18,000 clients</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN set up FMFC-K to provide microfinance facilities in the rural mountainous areas of Osh and Naryn, which suffer from some of the highest poverty rates in the country. Loans are used for housing improvements, agricultural inputs, trading activities and women’s entrepreneurship.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/kyrgyz-republic/microfinance-kyrgyz-republic" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">7.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">TAJIKISTAN</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis in Tajikistan are mainly concentrated in the mountainous region of Badakhshan, where they have lived for over a thousand years¹. They are estimated to number around 200,000, or about 5-10% of the population of Tajikistan².</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The status of Ismailis in Tajikistan is complex and has evolved over time. The Ismailis have a distinct religious and cultural identity from the majority Sunni Muslims in Tajikistan. They meet for worship not in mosques, but in centres or homes, where they also engage in secular and religious education³. They have a strong sense of community and social service, and have benefited from the development projects of the Aga Khan Development Network⁴.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tajik Ismailis</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. They belong to the larger Badakhshani Ismaili constituency and represent vividly the spiritual and cultural heritage of Ismailis in that region. The current Ismaili population is found in the Badakhshan province and other parts of Tajikistan. Many Ismailis have also migrated to Kyrgyzstan (Osh and Bishkek), Kazakhstan (Alma Ata) and Russia (Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Saratov and other cities).</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The course of the Ismailis under Russian/Soviet rule is punctuated by a series of ups and downs, moments of relief, followed by traumatic social cataclysm. The early Russians and, following the 1917 revolution, the Soviets, selected Badakhshan (also known as the Pamir) as one of the regions in which to initiate a socialist revolution in the Muslim East and, therefore, invested heavily in its modernization. The Tajik Ismailis played a vital role in the creation and development of Tajik statehood. The Soviets built modern schools, hospitals, cultural centres, powerhouses, roads, and airports in all major areas of the province. Badakhshan ranked highest in the entire Soviet Union in terms of the number of individuals holding higher education degrees. It produced a great number of highly educated professionals who made valuable contributions to Tajik society. Improved health, education, social welfare and security resulted in rapid demographic changes and greater mobility, which prompted many Ismailis to migrate to Tajikistan’s lowlands and other parts of the Soviet Union.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The harshest impact of the Soviet Union was on the religious life and faith of the people. The Communists consistently regarded all religions as myths, superstitions and expressions of fanaticism. In 1936, the Tajik Afghan border was sealed. This resulted in disconnecting the Ismailis of Tajikistan from their Afghan brothers and sisters. Contact with the Imam was physically impossible. Under the pressure of militant atheism, local Pirs were either jailed or fled the country. Khalifas went underground. The performance of religious rites and rituals was forbidden. Though risky, members of the Jamat sustained, in private, their devotional traditions. This policy was relaxed during the Khrushchev era when the Soviets realized the impossibility of eradicating religion and, therefore, decided to change their tactics. To keep religion under their control, the Soviets created official religious structures. Thenceforward, Khalifas were appointed by the state, but still, the observance of religious practices remained a highly private and concealed domain of life.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In the 1980s and early 1990s, the Ismailis, like many others excited by the promise of Perestroika (Reconstruction) and Glasnost (Openness), became involved in the broader processes of political, cultural, and religious change. Unfortunately, a tragic civil war ensued in Tajikistan and many Ismailis, like others, were victims of the conflict. During and after the war, many Ismailis took refuge in Badakhshan and other parts of the former Soviet Union. During 1992–1993, Badakhshan became somewhat isolated from the rest of Tajikistan and the former USSR. This led to a period of intense introspection about changing conditions and the role of the people of the Pamir in the new configuration.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The change in the political climate and the restoration of stability, combined with the arrival of the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) and the re-establishment of the physical connection with the Imam-of-the-Time, His Highness the Aga Khan, as well as the global Ismaili community has brought about a new climate of hope. Various institutions began working in the area in varying capacities: providing humanitarian assistance, food and clothing; supporting the local Government in creating grassroots involvement and technical support in all of the post-Soviet reforms; supporting the development of small businesses and industries; training educational personnel and providing scholarships to study abroad; and aiming additionally to facilitate the development of citizens through the teaching of ethics, knowledge of good governance and adaptive skills necessary for the changing environment. Apart from these, the two very moving and inspirational visits of His Highness the Aga Khan to Tajikistan in 1995 and 1998 generated a new spirit in all the region's people. For the first time in centuries, the Ismailis and their fellow Muslims of Badakhshan joined in recognising their common aspirations. During both his visits, His Highness stressed the importance of peaceful co-existence, education and ethics for the development of the economy and civil society in Central Asia. These visits substantially restored the confidence level.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">However, the Ismailis have also faced discrimination and repression from the Tajik authorities, who view them as a potential threat to their political and religious control. In recent years, the government has banned Ismaili home prayers, lessons for children, and religious literature, and has forced the closure of some Ismaili institutions in the capital, Dushanbe³⁵. The Ismailis have also been targeted by security operations in Badakhshan, where clashes have erupted between government forces and local armed groups⁶.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis in Tajikistan are thus a minority group that struggles to preserve their faith and culture in the face of state pressure and social marginalization. They are also part of a global Ismaili community that spans over 25 countries and seeks to promote peace, pluralism, and human dignity.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In 2015, the Tajik government passed a law that banned the activities of all religious groups that are not officially recognized by the state. This law has had a particularly negative impact on Ismailis, who are not recognized as an official religion in Tajikistan.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">As a result of these restrictions, Ismailis in Tajikistan have been forced to practice their religion in secret. They have also been denied access to government jobs and educational opportunities. In some cases, they have been forced to leave the country in order to escape persecution.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The international community has condemned the Tajik government's treatment of Ismailis. In 2019, the United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) designated Tajikistan as a "Country of Particular Concern" for its violations of religious freedom. USCIRF has called on the Tajik government to end its persecution of Ismailis and to respect their right to freedom of religion.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some specific examples of the challenges that Ismailis in Tajikistan face:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are denied the right to build JKs or other religious buildings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are not allowed to hold public religious gatherings.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are forced to practice their religion in secret, often in private homes.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are denied access to government jobs and educational opportunities.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are sometimes harassed or detained by the police.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They have been forced to leave the country in order to escape persecution.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite these challenges, Ismailis in Tajikistan continue to practice their religion and to maintain their cultural identity. They are a resilient and resourceful community, and they are determined to overcome the obstacles that they face.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">University of Central Asia Khorog - </span><span style="color: #263a80; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Education That Transforms Lives;</span><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The University of Central Asia (UCA) is a world-class centre for knowledge and learning, connecting isolated rural communities with the global community and building human capital needed for modern economies and stable governance. </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 34pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The mission of UCA is to promote the social and economic development of Central Asia, particularly its mountain communities, by offering an internationally recognised standard of higher education and enabling the peoples of the region to preserve their rich cultural heritage as assets for the future.</span></p><h1 dir="ltr" style="background-color: #f2f9f5; line-height: 1.65; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 24pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 18pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Infrastructure projects for peace and stability in Khorog, Tajikistan</span></h1><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 34pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #4f4f4f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In Khorog, Tajikistan, the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat is constructing six playgrounds/sports stadiums, a riverbank protection project in the Sharifobod area, a water supply system for the Bizmich neighbourhood, and a new school in Saidmir Abdurahmonov Street.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 34pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #4f4f4f; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #4f4f4f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">US$ 26 million investment by the Tajik Government, AKFED and other international agencies has expanded the capacity of a partially constructed Soviet-era hydroelectric power plant. The plant, Pamir 1, has boosted the supply of hydroelectric energy in eastern Tajikistan, especially during the critical winter months.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 34pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismaili Centre Dushanbe: </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #636363; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili Centres are symbolic markers of the permanent presence and core values of Ismaili communities around the world. Incorporating spaces for social and cultural gatherings, intellectual engagement and reflection, as well as spiritual contemplation, they are bridges of friendship and understanding, and serve to enhance relationships among faith communities, government and civil society.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 34pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #636363; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #636363; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) has supported 326,000 farmers to adapt to climate change, seize economic opportunities and mitigate physical hazards.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #636363; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We aim to ensure food security and address maternal and child malnutrition. We aid agricultural development through investing in infrastructure, improving natural resource management and adapting to climate change.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/agriculture-and-food-security-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Khorog Park receives over 55,000 visitors annually</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We support musical teaching and performance within and beyond Tajikistan. We are sponsoring a town planning initiative in the city of Khorog and have redeveloped Khorog Park to provide a public green space and revitalise the city.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/cultural-development-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CIVIL SOCIETY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF is supporting 848 civil society organisations, reaching 98,000 people</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF has established community-based civil society organisations that connect over 1.4 million constituents and link their needs to district and regional development plans.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/civil-society-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DISASTER PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH) has helped over 465,000 people mitigate the impact of natural disasters</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Our prediction, prevention and capacity building work helps communities living in precarious mountain environments to increase their resilience to natural disasters. We have responded to over 200 emergencies, including flooding, mudslides, avalanches, landslides and earthquakes.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/disaster-preparedness-and-response-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF is working with 16,000 children</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We directly provide education, improve access to community-centred early learning and offer professional development for teachers. Prenatal maternal health programmes, parent counselling and primary care provision help children to develop holistically.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/early-childhood-development-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Pamir Energy provides energy for about 96 percent of the population of Gorno-Badakhshan, with subsidies for the poorest</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We are making long-term investments in Tajikistan’s energy, telecommunications and tourism sectors. We work with entrepreneurs, youth and employers, providing skills training, investment, services and infrastructure, and supporting community-based savings groups.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/economic-development-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn mor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Lycée, Khorog has over 2,000 graduates</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Our education activities reach two-year-olds up to postgraduate researchers, through our own school and university as well as our outreach programmes, school improvement programmes and professional training.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/education-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HABITAT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKAH has given over 53,550 people access to safe drinking water and sanitation</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We engage with communities living in precarious mountain and rural environments to increase their resilience to natural disasters and complex emergencies. We also support them in adjusting their habitat to enhance their health, education and economic development.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/habitat-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn mor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">e</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HEALTH AND NUTRITION</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">650,000 people have gained access to primary health care in the last six years</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We teach nutrition, hygiene and sanitation, to construct drinking water and sanitation facilities, and to support adolescent health. We use teleconsultations to increase access and aim for universal healthcare coverage through our community-based health financing model.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/health-and-nutrition-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MICROFINANCE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The First Microfinance Bank Tajikistan has 160,000 depositors</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN established the First Microfinance Bank Tajikistan (FMFB-T). It aims to improve the quality of life and the financial awareness of its clients, many of whom live in remote areas and are dependent on remittances.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/central-asia/tajikistan/microfinance-tajikistan" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Source: Conversation with Bing, 1/7/2024</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(1) Ismaili Centre, Dushanbe - Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Dushanbe.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(2) Tajikistan: Authorities intensify war on Ismailis, other Muslims. https://eurasianet.org/tajikistan-authorities-intensify-war-on-ismailis-other-muslims.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(3) Tajikistan: Regime Bans Ismaili Home Prayers, Lessons For Children. https://ankarachronicles.com/2023/02/23/tajikistan-regime-bans-ismaili-home-prayers-lessons-for-children/.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(4) The Aga Khan’s tightrope walk in Tajikistan - Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2013/8/31/the-aga-khans-tightrope-walk-in-tajikistan/.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(5) Tajikistan: Regime Bans Ismaili Home Prayers, Lessons For Children. https://www.eurasiareview.com/22022023-tajikistan-regime-bans-ismaili-home-prayers-lessons-for-children/.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">(6) undefined. </span><a href="https://the.ismaili/ismailicentres/dushanbe" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://the.ismaili/ismailicentres/dushanbe</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MIDDLE EAST</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#Main" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Skip to main content</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#Main" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 30px; overflow: hidden; width: 138px;"><img alt="The logo of The Institute of Ismaili Studies" height="30" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Nv8AVgpb42m7safdEwkk1UihEcd5Spdgz2IhKvklmt2wSEVk2jf29YG_YvmD8xJv0D1wHUz0QSJHIcEI1tk5DXU3AqHtyBozddi3kADO1Mibh2XkXOFn58TohVpOEQAHp5cc9mDTb-ie_XAlUOP7wMk" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="138" /></span></span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">8.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EGYPT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN’s engagement in Egypt reflects the deep and long historical importance of Cairo and Egypt to the Ismaili Imamat. The fourth Fatimid caliph and 14th Ismaili Imam established the city of Cairo in 969.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We are engaged in assisting poor rural communities to improve their livelihoods. We have created and now operate Al-Azhar Park, the green lung of Cairo. We support young people to build better futures through education and vocational training.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis and their Role in the History of Medieval Syria and the Near East</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/media/ydgjdqgf/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east-logo-1-292429620.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">File type: PDF</span></a></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/media/ydgjdqgf/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east-logo-1-292429620.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Download PDF article</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/media/ydgjdqgf/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east-logo-1-292429620.pdf" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">"The Ismailis and their Role in the History of Medieval Syria and the Near East" by Professor Azim Nanji and Dr. Farhad Daftary</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Keywords:Ismailis, Syria, Fatimids, Shi‘a, Salamiyya, da'wa, da‘i, Cairo, al-Azhar, Dar al-‘Ilm, Alamut, Saljuq, Crusaders, Nizari, Aleppo, Damascus, Jabal Bahra, Rashid al-Din Sinan, Kahf, Mamluks, Baybars, Mongols, Abbasid, Hospitallers, Salah al-Din, holy war.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Whether overtly or covertly, the Ismailis have played an important role in the cultural history of Islam, particularly in Syria and Egypt, where they constituted the Fatimid , which was to last for around 200 years. After the fall of the in 1171 CE and during the subsequent diaspora, they became famous for their strongholds in Iran and Syria, from where they intervened in the various conflicts between Christian powers and the Muslim kingdoms in the Holy Land.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In religious terms, the Ismaili community is part of the larger diversity of the worldwide Muslim Over the passage of time, Muslims constituted a variety of groups, which exemplified diverse ways of understanding the primal message of Islam and different approaches to how that commonly held message could be reflected in the practical life and organisation of the community. The Ismailis are one such group. They are part of the branch of Islam, the Sunni being the other major branch, and have always constituted a minority, historically and in the contemporary world. At present, the Ismailis live in over twenty-five countries, in virtually every region of the world. In some of these regions, their history goes back over a thousand years. Syria is one such example where the Ismaili presence can be dated to the 9th century.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Among the Shi'a, there were those who remained faithful to the line of Imams who descended from Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765 CE) through his son, Imam Ismail. Hence, they came to be known as Ismailis. There were other Shi'i groups who gave their allegiance to different lines of Imams. The largest group among such other Shi'is are called Ithna'ashari; they believe in a line of twelve Imams, ending in the one called Mahdi, who remains in occultation (ghayba) and would reappear to grant salvation at the end of time.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Al-Azhar Park: </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In 1984, His Highness the Aga Khan announced his decision to finance the creation of a park for the citizens of the Egyptian capital. The only central location which was of suitable scale was the derelict Darassa site, a 30-hectare (74-acre) mound of rubble adjacent to the Historic City.</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Al-Azhar Park represents the transformation of a rubble dump that had been used for over 500 years into one of Cairo's largest green spaces, including a formal garden area, palm avenue and water channel.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/historic-cities-programme-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Al-Azhar Park,hosts nearly two million visitors per year</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Restoration projects offer an alternative to the decline of historic areas. We have created the 30-hectare Al-Azhar Park in Cairo, catalysing urban renewal in the adjacent low-income neighbourhood.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/cultural-development-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Over 6,000 farmers have learned improved farming techniques</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We implement a rural support programme in Aswan, supporting farmers to generate additional income through better productivity, improve their nutritional intake, gain better market access, and harness new knowledge and technical capacity. Female participation, including in decision-making, is an imp</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ortant goal.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/agriculture-and-food-security-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CIVIL SOCIETY CIVIL SOCIETY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The civil society organisations we support reach 99,000 people</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN’s Civil Society Capacity Building programme in Aswan and Cairo provides civil society organisations with technical and financial support. It also helps link local civil society with governmental bodies</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/civil-society-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Over 8,000 children have benefited from the Early Childhood Development (ECD) programme</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The programme in Aswan increases parent and community involvement in ECD, promotes a culture of reading and storytelling and provides training for ECD teachers</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/early-childhood-development-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Continuing Education Programme reaches over 4,000 people.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We are helping to address the high youth unemployment rate, the constraints on women’s employment opportunities and challenges in accessing business support.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/egypt/economic-development-egypt" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">9.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SYRIA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis are a fascinating community with a rich history in Syria. Here's an overview of their presence in the country:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Demographics and Distribution:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismailis form the largest branch of Shia Islam in Syria, constituting roughly 3% of the population.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They are primarily concentrated in the southern province of Salamiyah, with smaller communities residing in the coastal mountains west of Hama and the city of Latakia.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Syrian Ismailis belong to the Nizari branch, distinguished by their allegiance to the Aga Khan as their spiritual leader.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Historical Significance:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili presence in Syria dates back to the 9th century. They established themselves in the coastal mountains, constructing formidable castles like Masyaf and Banyas.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">These strongholds played a crucial role in regional politics, often serving as intermediaries between Christian and Muslim powers during the Crusades.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Syrian Ismailis also developed a distinct cultural identity, blending Islamic traditions with local customs and practices.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Challenges and Resilience:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Syrian Civil War has significantly impacted the Ismaili community, displacing many families and damaging their infrastructure.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite these hardships, the Ismailis have demonstrated remarkable resilience, rebuilding their lives and institutions with the support of the Aga Khan Development Network.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The community remains actively involved in social and economic development initiatives, promoting education, healthcare, and environmental sustainability.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Exploration:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">To delve deeper into the Syrian Ismaili experience, you can visit the official website of the Ismaili Muslim community in Syria: </span><a href="https://the.ismaili/global/about-us/the-ismaili-community" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.ismaili/global/about-us/the-ismaili-community</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">You can also explore resources like the Aga Khan Development Network website: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> to learn more about their efforts in supporting the community.</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In 1999, the Syrian Directorate of Antiquities and Museums asked the Aga Khan Historic Cities Programme (AKHCP) to provide technical assistance for the conservation and reuse of a number of historic citadel sites in the country.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/syria/cultural-development-syria" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/syria/cultural-development-syria</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bridge tower and Ayyubid bridge, Citadel of Aleppo, Syria. </span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Citadel of Salah al Din</span></h3><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Citadel of Masyaf</span></h3><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Revitalisation of the Souq al Saghir</span></h3><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Damascus: In 2008, AKTC began work on a benchmark project for the adaptive use of landmark buildings in the historic city of Damascus.</span></h3><br /><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Working with the Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development, AKTC embarked on the restoration and development of three historical palaces, Beits Sibaie, Nizam and Quwatli, into hotels. Each site, using state-of-the-art technical and engineering techniques to survey the walls, ceilings and floors, has been carefully documented. Once the documentation and planning were completed, a team of experts began the process of restoring the worst damaged parts of the buildings, starting with those areas that were in danger of collapsing.</span></h3><br /><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Restoration work was halted in 2010.</span></h3><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/syria/cultural-development-syria" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">10.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UNITED ARAB EMIRATES</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a relatively small but well-established and influential group. While not as large as in other parts of the world, they have made significant contributions to the country's social, cultural, and economic landscape. Here's a breakdown of their presence:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">History and Arrival:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili presence in the UAE dates back to the early 20th century, with migration from India and other parts of the region.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their numbers are estimated to be around 5,000, primarily concentrated in Dubai and Abu Dhabi.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Community Life and Institutions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismailis in the UAE are known for their strong sense of community and emphasis on education, philanthropy, and social service.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They have established several key institutions, including:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili Centre Dubai: Serves as a religious, cultural, and educational hub, offering various programs and activities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Academies: Provide high-quality education to students from diverse backgrounds.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) organizations: Actively involved in initiatives related to healthcare, education, and cultural heritage preservation.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Contributions and Impact:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community has made notable contributions in various areas:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education: Their academies offer a high standard of education, contributing to a skilled workforce and knowledge development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare: AKDN organizations collaborate with local healthcare providers to improve access and quality of care.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Service: Various initiatives address social issues like poverty, disaster relief, and cultural understanding.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Enrichment: The Ismaili Centre Dubai hosts cultural events and exhibitions, promoting intercultural dialogue and understanding.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Relationship with the Government:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community enjoys a positive and respectful relationship with the UAE government.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The government recognizes the community's contributions and actively supports their initiatives.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Challenges and Opportunities:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">As a minority community, the Ismailis may face challenges in maintaining their unique cultural identity and ensuring equal opportunities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">However, they also have numerous opportunities to further contribute to the UAE's development and strengthen their integration into society.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sources for Further Exploration:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili Centre Dubai: </span><a href="https://the.ismaili/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.ismaili/</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Development Network: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili website: </span><a href="https://the.ismaili/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.ismaili/</span></a></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Remember, this is just a starting point. If you have any specific questions or areas of interest about the Ismaili community in the UAE, feel free to ask!</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Three Aga Khan Award for Architecture ceremonies have been held in the Middle East</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) undertakes several cultural activities in the UAE, including museum exhibitions in the UAE, a talk by the Aga Khan Museum at Art Dubai and a contemporary Arab art exhibition in Canada.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/cultural-development-united-arab-emirates" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Early Learning Centre (AKELC) Dubai serves 100 children</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The AKELC, for children of all communities aged 1-4 years, offers a secular, bilingual curriculum based on international standards of excellence. It is based within the Ismaili Centre Dubai, a site gifted by the Ruling Family of Dubai.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/middle-east/united-arab-emirates/early-childhood-development-united-arab-emirates" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ISMAILI CENTRE DUBAI:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 15pt 0pt 26pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #187b41; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili Centres are symbolic markers of the permanent presence and core values of Ismaili communities around the world.</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #187b41; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“For many centuries, a prominent feature of the Muslim religious landscape has been the variety of spaces of gathering co-existing harmoniously with the masjid, which in itself has accommodated a range of diverse institutional spaces for educational, social and reflective purposes. Historically serving communities of different interpretations and spiritual affiliations, these spaces have retained their cultural nomenclatures and characteristics, from ribat and zawiyya to khanaqa and jamatkhana. The congregational space incorporated within the Ismaili Centre belongs to the historic category of jamatkhana, an institutional category that also serves a number of sister Sunni and Shia communities, in their respective contexts, in many parts of the world. Here, it will be space reserved for traditions and practices specific to the Shia Ismaili tariqah of Islam.”</span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">– Mawlana Hazar Imam, at the Foundation Ceremony of the Ismaili Centre, Dubai, 13 December 2003.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">11.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">IRAN</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in Iran are a small religious minority group who follow the Ismaili branch of Shia Islam. They are estimated to number around 200,000 people or less than 1% of the population of Iran. The vast majority of Ismailis in Iran live in the southern provinces of Kerman and Yazd, with smaller communities in Khorasan, Sistan and Baluchestan, and Tehran.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis of Iran have a long and complex history. They first arrived in Iran in the 11th century, during the Seljuk period. Over the centuries, they faced persecution from both Sunni and Shia Muslims, as well as from the Iranian government. In the 19th century, the Ismailis of Iran were granted a degree of religious freedom by the Qajar dynasty. However, they continued to face discrimination and persecution under the Pahlavi dynasty in the 20th century.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">After the Islamic Revolution in 1979, the Ismailis of Iran were granted full religious freedom. However, they still face some discrimination from the government and the majority Shia population. For example, Ismailis are not allowed to hold public office or to serve in the military. They are also required to pay a special tax, known as the jizya, which is not required of Muslims.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite these challenges, the Ismailis of Iran have managed to maintain their religious identity. They have their own mosques and religious schools, and they celebrate their own festivals and holidays. They also have a strong sense of community and support for one another.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis of Iran are a resilient and resourceful community who have managed to survive and thrive despite centuries of persecution. They are an important part of the cultural and religious diversity of Iran.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some additional facts about the Ismailis in Iran:</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They are divided into two main groups: the Nizari Ismailis and the Musta'li Ismailis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* The Nizari Ismailis are the larger of the two groups, and they are led by the Aga Khan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* The Musta'li Ismailis are led by the Dai al-Mutlaq.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* The Ismailis of Iran have their own unique religious beliefs and practices. For example, they believe that the Imam is the only legitimate leader of the Muslim community.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They also believe that the Quran is not the only source of Islamic law.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* The Ismailis of Iran have a strong tradition of scholarship and learning.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They have produced some of the most important Islamic scholars and philosophers in history.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* The Ismailis of Iran are a peaceful and tolerant community.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">* They have a long history of coexisting with other religious groups in Iran.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">12.</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">IRAQ</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in Iraq**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis are a Shia Muslim community with a rich history and culture. They are believed to have originated in the eighth century, and their name is derived from Ismail ibn Jafar, the seventh Imam of the Shia Muslims. The Ismailis have a strong presence in Iraq, where they have lived for centuries.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The earliest Ismailis in Iraq were likely merchants and traders who settled in the country during the Abbasid caliphate. Over time, the Ismailis grew in number and influence, and they eventually established their own state in Egypt. This state, known as the Fatimid caliphate, lasted for over two centuries and ruled over much of the Middle East and North Africa.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Fatimid caliphate was eventually overthrown by the Seljuks, a Sunni Muslim dynasty. However, the Ismailis continued to live in Iraq, and they eventually reestablished their own state in the 12th century. This state, known as the Nizari Ismaili state, lasted for over a century and ruled over parts of Iraq, Iran, and Syria.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Nizari Ismaili state was eventually conquered by the Mongols, and the Ismailis were forced to flee to other parts of the world. Many Ismailis settled in India, where they became known as the Khojas. Others settled in Syria, Lebanon, and East Africa.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Status of Ismailis in Iraq Today**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis are a small but significant minority in Iraq. They are estimated to number around 100,000 people, and they live in all parts of the country. The majority of Ismailis in Iraq are members of the Nizari Ismaili community, but there are also a small number of Bohras.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis have faced discrimination and persecution in Iraq, particularly during the Saddam Hussein regime. However, they have managed to maintain their identity and culture. The Ismailis are known for their strong sense of community and their commitment to education and social justice.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In recent years, the Ismailis have played an important role in the reconstruction of Iraq. They have established schools, hospitals, and other social service institutions. They have also been active in promoting peace and reconciliation in the country.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismailis are a resilient and resourceful community. They have overcome many challenges in their history, and they continue to make a significant contribution to Iraqi society.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EAST ASIA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Ismailis in South East Asia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in South East Asia constitute a significant and diverse community, with an estimated population of over 200,000 people. Ismailis have a rich history and culture in South East Asia, and they have made significant contributions to the region's development.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in South East Asia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in South East Asia traces its roots back to the 13th century, when missionaries from Persia introduced the Isma'ili faith to the region. Ismailis gradually established themselves in various parts of South East Asia, particularly in Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand. Over the centuries, they faced persecution and discrimination from various rulers, including the Portuguese and the Dutch.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">13.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MALAYSIA</span></p><br /><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKTC and the urban development agency Think City are working on the urban revitalisation and conservation of the UNESCO heritage site in George Town, Penang. The historic seawall and public promenade were completed in May 2022.</span></h3><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/east-asia/malaysia" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">14.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SINGAPORE</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Singapore is a vibrant and active one, with a rich history dating back to the early 19th century. Today, they are estimated to number around 10,000, making them one of the largest Ismaili communities outside of South Asia and the Middle East.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis are a Shia Ismaili Muslim sect who follow the Aga Khan as their spiritual leader. They are known for their emphasis on education, philanthropy, and social service, and they have made significant contributions to Singapore's development in these areas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Singapore is centered around the Ismaili Centre, which was inaugurated in 1998. The Centre is a beautiful and architecturally significant building that serves as a place of worship, education, and social gathering for the community.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Singapore is also active in a number of other organizations, including the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), which works to improve the lives of people in developing countries around the world.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Here are some specific examples of how the Ismaili community in Singapore has made a positive impact:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili CIVIC Singapore chapter is a volunteer organization that works on a number of social service projects, such as providing educational opportunities for underprivileged children and supporting the elderly.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Education Service (AKES) operates two international schools in Singapore, which provide a high-quality education to students from all backgrounds.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Hospital Singapore is a world-class medical facility that provides affordable healthcare to the community.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Overall, the Ismaili community in Singapore is a well-respected and integrated part of the country's fabric. They have made significant contributions to Singapore's development, and they continue to play an active role in the country's social and cultural life.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">15. CHINA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in China**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The first Ismailis arrived in China during the Tang dynasty (618-907), when they were invited by the emperor to serve as merchants and administrators. Over time, they established communities in various parts of the country, including Guangzhou, Quanzhou, and Yangzhou. Ismailis played an important role in trade and cultural exchange between China and the Islamic world.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">During the Yuan dynasty (1271-1368), Ismailis were granted official recognition by the Mongol rulers. They were allowed to build mosques and schools, and they enjoyed a period of relative prosperity. However, after the fall of the Yuan dynasty, Ismailis faced persecution and discrimination from the Ming and Qing dynasties.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In the 20th century, Ismailis in China experienced further challenges during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), when religious practices were suppressed. However, after the end of the Cultural Revolution, Ismailis were able to revive their community and rebuild their institutions.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in China**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in China have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to religious restrictions and surveillance by the Chinese government. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in rural areas. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in China. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in China, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In conclusion, Ismailis in China are a vibrant and diverse community that has made significant contributions to the country's development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in China.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EASTERN AFRICA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in Africa are a significant Muslim community, with an estimated population of over 2 million people.</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Programmes here cover agriculture, health, education, infrastructure and civil society capacity building, in a holistic approach to social development.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in Africa**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in Africa traces its roots back to the 10th century, when missionaries from Persia introduced the Isma'ili faith to the region. Ismailis gradually established themselves in various parts of the continent, particularly in North Africa, East Africa, and Madagascar. Over the centuries, they faced persecution and discrimination from various rulers, including the Mamluks, and the European colonial powers.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Contributions of Ismailis to Africa**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis have made significant contributions to Africa's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organizations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, military, and business sectors. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">16.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">KENYA</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Kenya is a long-standing and dynamic one, boasting a rich history and active presence within the country. Here's a glimpse into their story:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Arrival and Establishment:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Primarily migrating from the Gujarat region of India, the first Ismaili settlers arrived in Mombasa around 1888, followed by Nairobi in 1903 and Kisumu in 1905.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their numbers grew steadily, reaching an estimated 20,000 by 1960.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Early community settlements were established in these major cities, forming the foundation for their presence in Kenya.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Strong Roots and Community Building:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community in Kenya is known for its close-knit nature and emphasis on education, philanthropy, and social service.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They have established numerous institutions, including:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Five primary schools: Two in Nairobi, two in Mombasa, and one in Kisumu.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Four secondary schools: Two in Nairobi and two in Mombasa.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili Centre: A central hub for worship, education, and social gatherings, located in Nairobi.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">These institutions play a vital role in fostering the community's identity and well-being.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Contributions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community has made significant contributions to Kenya's development in various sectors:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education: Their schools provide high-quality education opportunities, benefiting not just the Ismaili community but also wider Kenyan society.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare: The Aga Khan Hospital, established by the Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), offers accessible and quality healthcare services.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic Development: Ismaili businesses and entrepreneurs contribute to the Kenyan economy, creating jobs and fostering growth.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Service: Through various initiatives, the community actively participates in social development projects, addressing issues like poverty, education, and healthcare access.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cultural Mosaic:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Kenyan Ismaili community represents a vibrant cultural mosaic, reflecting their diverse backgrounds and influences.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They celebrate their unique traditions and festivals, enriching Kenya's cultural landscape.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Looking Ahead:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community in Kenya remains committed to playing an active role in the country's progress and development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their focus on education, social service, and cultural preservation ensures their continued positive impact on Kenyan society.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tsavo power plant – a reliable energy source in southern Kenya.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: blue; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CIVIL SOCIETY The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) supports 2,400 civil society organisations in Kenya</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE: </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have planted over 12 million trees in Kenya.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF reaches 32,500 young children in Kenya.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN companies generate over $ 940 million annually.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION: </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We work with over 49,000 learners in Kenya.We have provided education in Kenya for over a century. We run schools, educate nurses, specialist physicians, educators, journalists and communicators, support education policy and undertake research on improving learning outcomes.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HEALTH: </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Health facilities in Kenya receive over 900,000 patient visits per year</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We operate three hospitals and over 70 linked health centres. Our community-level work includes training health workers and offering maternal and child health services. We offer professional development for nurses and postgraduate training for specialist physicians.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MEDIA AND COMMUNICATIONS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">GSMC has highlighted East Africa’s environmental challenges in 52 documentaries that have been seen by millions.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">GSMC fosters an ethical, diverse, independent, innovative and economically thriving media and communications sector that contributes to the creation of successful and sustainable societies in an era of rapid change.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/graduate-school-media-and-communications" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">IHD and its partners have received $6.5 million from the US NIH for a major predictive health research project.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Institute generates and applies knowledge on early childhood development in developing world contexts, providing professional development and influencing policymaking.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/institute-for-human-development" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/mombasa" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Aga Khan Academy Mombasa</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">: </span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In 2000, His Highness the Aga Khan initiated the establishment of the Aga Khan Academies, an integrated network of schools to be located in countries across Africa, South and Central Asia, and the Middle East</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The aim of the Academies is to develop future leaders with the skills and knowledge to support positive development in their societies. The Academies achieve this by recruiting exceptional young people from all backgrounds and providing them with the highest international standard of education.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 4.5pt 0pt;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Global network</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">When complete, the network of Academies will form a global learning community of about 18 schools in 14 countries (</span><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/general/aga-khan-academies-worldwide" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">view a map</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">). They will eventually serve approximately 14,000 girls and boys of exceptional calibre, graduating 1,500 students annually.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The first Aga Khan Academy opened in </span><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/mombasa" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Mombasa, Kenya</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in 2003, the second in </span><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/hyderabad" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Hyderabad, India</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in 2011 and the third in </span><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/maputo" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Maputo, Mozambique</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in 2013.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><br /></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 8pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Admission is based upon merit, with financial aid available to ensure access for accepted students regardless of financial circumstances.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Academy programme develops students who are committed to positive change and are able to understand and analyse complex issues of local, national and global significance.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 8pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The vcurriculum is built on the framework of the </span><a href="https://www.agakhanacademies.org/maputo/international-baccalaureate" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">International Baccalaureate (IB)</span></a><span style="background-color: transparent; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. The IB is a thorough, multidisciplinary curriculum that fosters:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">intellectual curiosity</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">creativity</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">leadership development</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">social consciousness</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">a pluralistic sensibility. </span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Aga Khan Academy </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">17.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MADAGASCAR</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Madagascar has a fascinating history and plays a vibrant role in the country's social and economic landscape. Here's what I can share:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Arrival and Growth:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The first Ismaili settlers arrived in Madagascar in the late 19th century, primarily from India and East Africa.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their numbers grew steadily, with estimates suggesting around 10,000 Ismailis residing in Madagascar today.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Community Life and Values:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Similar to Ismailis in other countries, the community emphasizes education, philanthropy, and social service.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They established numerous institutions, including:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili Centre: Serving as a religious, educational, and social hub in the capital, Antananarivo.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan schools: Providing quality education opportunities for both Ismaili and non-Ismaili students.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Health Services: Offering accessible healthcare services.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) organizations: Engaging in various initiatives for poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and cultural preservation.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Contributions to Madagascar:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community has made significant contributions to Madagascar's development in various fields:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education: Their schools contribute to a higher literacy rate and better-educated citizens.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare: Aga Khan Health Services provide crucial medical care, especially in underserved areas.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic Development: Ismaili businesses contribute to job creation and economic growth.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Service: AKDN projects address issues like poverty, sanitation, and disaster relief.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cultural Identity:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">While integrating into Malagasy society, the Ismailis maintain their unique cultural traditions and celebrate their festivals, enriching the country's cultural diversity.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Interesting Facts:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">In 2007, the current spiritual leader of the Ismailis, Prince Karim Aga Khan (known as Mawlana Hazar Imam), made a Golden Jubilee visit to Madagascar, highlighting the community's importance.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili website for Madagascar ("the.ismaili/madagascar") offers in-depth information about their activities and contributions.</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SECURITY</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Over 80,000 smallholder rice farmers have increased their yields since 2005.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have tripled rice production in our programmatic areas since 2005, helping to end the hungry season between harvests. We help farmers to diversify their crops and reach markets. We promote conservation agriculture techniques to mitigate the impact of cl</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">imate </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Change.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/madagascar/agriculture-and-food-security-madagascar" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MICROFINANCE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">PAMF-Madagascar disbursed more than 695,000 digital loans in 2021.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Premiere Agence de Microfinance (PAMF-Madagascar) aims to reach the population not served by the banking sector - more than 90 percent. We have established community-based savings groups in two of Sofia’s districts to promote access to basic financial services.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/madagascar/microfinance-madagascar" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn mor</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">18.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">RWANDA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Unfortunately, information about the Ismaili community in Rwanda is scarce online compared to other countries like Kenya or Singapore. However, based on the limited resources available, here's what I can share:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Presence:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">There is evidence of an Ismaili presence in Rwanda, with a Jamatkhana (place of worship) located in Kigali, the capital city.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The exact number of Ismailis residing in Rwanda is unknown, but it's likely a smaller community compared to neighboring countries.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">History:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Details about the arrival and historical development of the Ismaili community in Rwanda are limited. However, their presence likely aligns with the migration patterns of Ismailis from nearby countries like Uganda and Democratic Republic of Congo during the 20th century.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Community Life:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Similar to other Ismaili communities worldwide, they likely emphasize education, philanthropy, and social service.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Kigali Jamatkhana serves as a central hub for worship, gatherings, and potentially educational or social initiatives.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Challenges and Opportunities:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">As a smaller community, they might face challenges in maintaining their unique cultural identity and securing resources for community development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">However, their potential contributions to education, healthcare, and social service initiatives should not be underestimated.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Exploration:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Although online information is limited, reaching out to the Kigali Jamatkhana directly might provide insights into the community's life, history, and activities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Exploring offline resources like historical documents, local news archives, or contacting community leaders could offer deeper understanding.</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">19.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Tanzania</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Tanzania is a vibrant and well-established one, boasting a rich history and significant contributions to the nation's social and economic fabric. Here's a deeper dive into their story:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Arrival and Growth:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The first Ismaili settlers arrived in Tanzania, then known as Tanganyika, in the 1840s, primarily from Gujarat, India. They settled in Zanzibar, attracted by economic opportunities in trade and commerce.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their numbers grew steadily, reaching an estimated 100,000 by the mid-20th century.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Today, they constitute approximately 2% of Tanzania's population, making them the country's largest Shia Ismaili community.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Strong Community and Institutions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community in Tanzania is known for its close-knit nature and emphasis on education, philanthropy, and social service.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They have established numerous institutions, including:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Over 100 schools: Providing high-quality education opportunities from primary to secondary levels.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Hospital: Offering top-notch healthcare services accessible to a wider community.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) organizations: Actively engaged in various initiatives for poverty alleviation, rural development, and environmental protection.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">These institutions play a vital role in fostering the community's well-being and contributing to Tanzania's development.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Contributions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community has made significant contributions to Tanzania in various sectors:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education: Their schools have educated generations of Tanzanians, both Ismaili and non-Ismaili, contributing to a higher literacy rate and skilled workforce.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare: The Aga Khan Hospital provides quality healthcare services, especially in underserved areas, and has been instrumental in addressing public health challenges.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic Development: Ismaili businesses are major players in Tanzania's economy, creating jobs and driving growth in various sectors.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Service: AKDN projects address issues like poverty, sanitation, and disaster preparedness, improving the lives of many Tanzanians.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cultural Tapestry:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">While integrating seamlessly into Tanzanian society, the Ismailis maintain their unique cultural traditions and celebrate their festivals, enriching the country's cultural diversity.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Looking Ahead:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismaili community in Tanzania remains committed to playing a vital role in the country's progress and development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Their focus on education, social service, and cultural preservation ensures their continued positive impact on Tanzanian society.</span></p></li></ul><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Over 10,000 children are supported by the Madrasa Early Childhood Programme in Zanzibar</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We provide early childhood development in Zanzibar and southern Tanzania. We train teachers, support preschools and operate two nursery schools, while assisting the government to expand its community-based preschooling approach.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/tanzania/early-childhood-development-tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF has helped to strengthen over 2,000 local savings groups</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We are active in financial services, including banking, insurance and supporting community-based savings groups; tourism in Tanzania’s national parks; media, promoting local industries; and providing employment in processing and manufacturing.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/tanzania/economic-development-tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION - THE AGA KHAN UNIVERSITY:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">750 nurses have graduated from the Aga Khan University (AKU) in Tanzania.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We work with the government to improve student outcomes, improve educational policy and run primary and secondary schools. AKU offers a Master of Education degree and training for nurses and specialist physicians</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/tanzania/education-tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HEALTH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have invested US$ 83 million to expand our East Africa Integrated Health System into Tanzania</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.8; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKU offers nursing and midwifery programmes and postgraduate medical education for specialists, strengthening healthcare delivery across the country. Aga Khan Health Services and AKF community health programmes</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">focus on maternity and child health, and staff capacity building.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/eastern-africa/tanzania/health-tanzania" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">20.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UGANDA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Uganda is a vibrant and well-established minority group, with a rich history and significant contributions to the nation's social, economic, and cultural landscape. Here's a glimpse into their presence:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">History and Arrival:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismailis first arrived in Uganda in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, primarily from India and Pakistan.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They were attracted by the country's opportunities in trade and commerce, and quickly established themselves as a successful and entrepreneurial community.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Demographics and Distribution:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The exact number of Ismailis in Uganda is difficult to determine, but estimates suggest they constitute around 1-2% of the population, numbering between 40,000 to 80,000 individuals.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">They are concentrated in major urban centers like Kampala, Jinja, and Mbale, although smaller communities exist in other parts of the country as well.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Religious Life and Institutions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 7.5pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The community maintains several Jamaatkhanas (community centers) across Uganda, serving as places of worship, education, and social gathering.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Contributions to Ugandan Society:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Ismailis have played a significant role in Uganda's development, particularly in the areas of education, healthcare, and economic development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), an international network of development agencies founded by the Imam, has implemented numerous projects in Uganda, focusing on education, healthcare, rural development, and cultural preservation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">The community is also known for its strong work ethic, philanthropic spirit, and commitment to interfaith dialogue and understanding.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 0pt 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The relationship between Idi Amin and the Ismailis in Uganda is a complex and deeply impactful one, marked by both positive and negative aspects. Here's a breakdown:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Positive Aspects:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 11pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Early Relationship: During the initial years of Amin's rule (1971-1972), the relationship between the government and the Ismaili community was generally positive. Amin even appointed some prominent Ismailis to government positions, recognizing their contributions to the economy.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Negative Aspects:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Expulsion of Asians: However, in 1972, things took a drastic turn with Amin's infamous decree expelling all "Asians" from Uganda, including those who were Ugandan citizens. This deeply affected the Ismaili community, as many belonged to families settled in the country for generations. They were given only 90 days to leave, losing their businesses, homes, and lives they had built in Uganda.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 11pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic Impact: The expulsion had a significant negative impact on Uganda's economy, as the Ismaili community played a crucial role in various sectors.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Points:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Individual Experiences: It's important to remember that individual experiences within the Ismaili community varied greatly. While some faced persecution and hardship, others managed to leave relatively unscathed, thanks to international support and networks.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Global Response: The expulsion received widespread condemnation globally, highlighting the human rights violations experienced by the Ismailis and other Asian communities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 11pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aftermath and Diaspora: Many Ugandan Ismailis resettled in various countries, including Canada and the UK, contributing to their respective communities. In Canada, their arrival marked a significant moment in immigration history.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="background-color: white; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It's important to approach this topic with sensitivity and acknowledge the complex historical context. While the expulsion remains a dark chapter in Ugandan history, understanding its impact on the Ismailis is crucial for a nuanced understanding of their past and present in the country.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Challenges and Future:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Despite their contributions, the Ismailis in Uganda, like other minority groups, face certain challenges, such as potential discrimination and marginalization.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">However, the community remains optimistic about its future and continues to actively engage in Ugandan society, striving to contribute to the nation's progress and prosperity.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Bujagali Energy Limited</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The shareholders of Bujagali Energy Limited are SN Power Invest (a majority owned subsidiary of Scatec ASA Norway); Bujagali Holdings Power Company Ltd (BHPCL) an affiliate of Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED); and Government of Uganda (GoU).</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">WEST AFRICA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">21.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">BERKINA FASO</span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN is one of the largest employers in the country, supporting the cotton, sugar, plastic and microfinance sectors. Three recipients of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture have been from Burkina Faso, prompting AKDN to organise a celebratory seminar in Ouagadougou.</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 3pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) is a significant player in Burkina Faso, contributing to the country's economic and social development across various sectors. Here's a summary of their involvement:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Economic Development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Largest Private Employer:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN, through its agencies like Industrial Promotion Services (IPS), has established two companies operating in Burkina Faso:</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">SOSUCO:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> This major sugar producer and refiner is one of the biggest employers in the country, contributing to job creation and economic activity.</span></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; margin-left: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Faso Coton:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> This company works with over 30,000 cotton farmers, providing training and improving agricultural practices, benefiting rural communities.</span></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Microfinance:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN's Aga Khan Agency for Microfinance (AKAM) established </span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Première Agence de Microfinance Burkina Faso (PAMF-B)</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> in 2006. This institution offers financial services, particularly agricultural and livestock loans, to rural clients and small businesses, empowering entrepreneurs and promoting financial inclusion.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Education and Healthcare:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Academy:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> While there isn't currently an Aga Khan Academy in Burkina Faso, AKDN contributes to educational development through various initiatives.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare Projects:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN agencies, like the Aga Khan Health Services, might engage in healthcare-related projects or partnerships in Burkina Faso, although specific details require further research.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Other Contributions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Initiatives:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN promotes cultural understanding and preservation through organizations like the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC). This might involve supporting local cultural heritage projects or collaborating with Burkina Faso in relevant areas.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Humanitarian Aid:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> During emergencies or crises, AKDN's humanitarian agency, the Aga Khan Agency for Habitat (AKAH), might provide relief and support to affected communities in Burkina Faso.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Impact:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN's work in Burkina Faso has demonstrably made a positive impact in several areas:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Job creation and economic growth:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Through companies like SOSUCO and Faso Coton, AKDN contributes significantly to employment and economic activity in the country.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Financial inclusion:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> PAMF-B empowers individuals and small businesses by providing access to financial services, fostering economic development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Rural development:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> By working with cotton farmers and potentially engaging in other rural development initiatives, AKDN promotes improved livelihoods and living standards in rural areas.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social progress:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN's focus on education, healthcare, and cultural initiatives contributes to broader social development and well-being in Burkina Faso.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Research:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To gain a deeper understanding of AKDN's specific activities and impact in Burkina Faso, you can explore the following resources:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN website:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN in West Africa:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/burkina-faso" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/burkina-faso</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">News and resources related to AKDN in Burkina Faso:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">22.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">COTE D’IVOIR</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) has a long-standing and impactful presence in Côte d'Ivoire, contributing to the country's development in various sectors. Here's a summary of their key areas of involvement:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Economic Development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Agribusiness:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN operates in the agribusiness sector through agencies like Ivoire Coton, which works with over 20,000 cotton farmers, providing training and improving agricultural practices. They also process and export cashew nuts, contributing to rural income generation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Energy Production:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN's Azito Energie is the largest private-sector power plant in Sub-Saharan Africa, located in Côte d'Ivoire. It plays a crucial role in providing electricity to the country and the region.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Social Development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN does not currently operate an Aga Khan Academy in Côte d'Ivoire, but it supports educational initiatives through various partnerships and programs.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Healthcare:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Similar to education, AKDN's direct involvement in healthcare projects might be limited. However, they might collaborate with local organizations or participate in broader healthcare initiatives.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Social Welfare:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN provides social welfare programs, particularly within communities surrounding their operations. This could include access to clean water, sanitation facilities, and community development projects.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 15pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">US$ 225 million Azito power plant in Côte d’Ivoire.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Impact:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN's work in Côte d'Ivoire has resulted in significant positive impact:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic growth:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Azito Energie contributes to economic activity and development, while Ivoire Coton empowers cotton farmers and promotes rural income generation.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Improved livelihoods:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Social welfare programs enhance the quality of life for communities around AKDN projects, providing essential services and fostering development.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Infrastructure and energy security:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Azito Energie plays a critical role in ensuring energy security and powering economic activity across the region.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Research:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN website:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN in Côte d'Ivoire:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/cote-divoire" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/cote-divoire</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/cote-divoire" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/cote-divoire</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">News and resources related to AKDN in Côte d'Ivoire:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">23.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">MALI</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Beginning in 2004, under a public-private partnership, the Aga Khan Trust for Culture (AKTC) began working to revitalise the centres of three cities in Mali. AKTC started with the restoration of the Great Mosques of Djenné and Mopti and the Djingereyber Mosque in Timbuktu, as well as the public spaces around them.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) has been actively involved in various development projects in Mali since 2003. Their interventions focus on multiple areas, aiming for a comprehensive and integrated approach to uplift the lives of communities and contribute to the country's overall development. Here's a breakdown of their key areas of engagement:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Social Development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Urban Regeneration:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN has restored several historical mosques in cities like Mopti, Timbuktu, and Djenné, combining cultural preservation with urban development initiatives to improve the surrounding areas. This includes public space enhancements, sanitation facilities, and water access.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Microfinance:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Première Agence de Microfinance Mali (PAMF-Mali) provides financial services to individuals and small businesses, particularly in rural areas, fostering economic empowerment and entrepreneurship.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Civil Society Strengthening:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN works with local organizations to build their capacity and address community needs effectively. This includes initiatives related to education, healthcare, and advocacy.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Economic Development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Agribusiness:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> AKDN supports farmers through training, market access, and improved agricultural practices. This contributes to rural income generation and food security.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Hospitality and Tourism:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> The Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development (AKFED) has invested in hospitality projects, creating jobs and promoting tourism in Mali.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cultural Initiatives:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural Restoration:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Aside from mosque restoration, AKDN supports other cultural preservation projects, safeguarding Mali's rich heritage.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Education:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> While there isn't an Aga Khan Academy in Mali, AKDN contributes to educational development through various initiatives and partnerships.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Impact:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN's work in Mali has demonstrably impacted various aspects of the country's development:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Improved living conditions:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Urban regeneration projects and access to financial services have enhanced the quality of life for many communities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Economic empowerment:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Microfinance, agribusiness support, and tourism promotion have created jobs and income opportunities.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Cultural preservation:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Restoration projects and heritage initiatives safeguard Mali's cultural identity.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Capacity building:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> Local organizations gain valuable skills and resources to address community needs more effectively.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Further Research:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">To gain a deeper understanding of AKDN's specific activities and impact in Mali, you can explore the following resources:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN website:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">AKDN in Mali:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/mali" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/mali</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/mali" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/mali</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-right: 18pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">News and resources related to AKDN in Mali:</span><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a><span style="color: #1f1f1f; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">: </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/home" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #0b57d0; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">https://the.akdn/en/home</span></a></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/west-africa/mali/cultural-development-mali" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Land MARKS</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">24.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SENENEGAL</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in Africa**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in Africa have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in rural areas. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in Africa. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in Africa, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EUROPE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in Europe constitute a significant and diverse community, with an estimated population of over 500,000 people.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in Europe**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in Europe has its roots in the 19th century, when Ismailis from South Asia and East Africa began migrating to the continent in search of better economic opportunities and education. They initially settled in major cities such as London, Paris, and Lisbon, but over time, they have established communities in many other European countries.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">25.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FRANCE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN has for decades partnered with the French government and numerous French organisations on social (education and health), cultural and economic development. We are a Founding Partner of the Paris Peace Forum, which brings together world leaders to find cooperative solutions to global problems. The Network is present in France through the French Delegation of the AKDN, a non-profit foundation with its seat in Geneva.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">His Highness the Aga Khan IV founded, and for many years served as President of, </span><a href="https://www.institutdefrance.fr/les-fondations-et-prix/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">the Fondation pour la sauvegarde et le développement du Domaine de Chantilly</span></a><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, of which he is also one of the main patrons and donors. He was made a Commander of the Legion of Honour (1990), a Member of Academie des Beaux Arts (2008), one of France's oldest Academies, and a Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters (2010)</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 10pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Landmarks:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Artefacts from the Aga Khan Museum collection have been displayed at the Louvre in Paris, and the two museums continue to collaborate on a number of projects. The Aga Khan Music Programme has also brought world-class musicians to Paris to perform. Find out more about the </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/what-we-do/honouring-cultural-heritage/museums" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Museum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> and the </span><a href="https://the.akdn/en/what-we-do/honouring-cultural-heritage/music" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Music Programme</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">HEALTH</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Projects have included building the Heart and Cancer Centre of the Aga Khan University Hospital in Nairobi, financial and technical support for the French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children in Kabul, and the launching of an US$ 80 million programme to improve health facilities in Tanzania.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/what-we-do/developing-human-capacity/health" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Joint projects have included the building of the Bujagali Dam, which today provides about a third of the electricity in Uganda, as well as the establishment of Roshan, the first mobile telephony provider in Afghanistan.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/what-we-do/generating-economic-growth/infrastructure-development" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Secretariate of His Highness the AgaKhan Aiglemont. </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Aiglemont estate</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> is an estate at </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvieux" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Gouvieux</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> in the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Hauts-de-France</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> region of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">France</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> and functions as the secretariat and residence of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_IV" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">His Highness Prince Karīm al-Hussaynī Āgā Khān IV</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. It is the headquarters of the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan_Development_Network" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Aga Khan Development Network</span></a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, one of the largest international development networks in the world.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">26.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">PORTUGAL</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN has been active in Portugal for several decades, in particular through the Aga Khan Foundation (AKF), which began working in Portugal in 1983. The Foundation’s activities in Portugal primarily focus on innovation in early childhood development and education, and strengthening civil society through the social, cultural and economic inclusion of people living in neglected or underserved communities, with a specific focus on migrant inclusion.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN operates in the country within the framework of the several agreements between the Ismaili Imamat and Portugal, including:</span></p><br /><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the Protocol of Cooperation with the Portuguese Government (2005);</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the Protocol of International Cooperation with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (2008);</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the International Agreement with the Portuguese Republic (2009); and</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">the Agreement with the Portuguese Republic for the establishment of the Seat of the Ismaili Imamat in Portugal (2015).</span></p></li></ul><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We collaborate with the Portuguese government, European Commission, civil society organisations and religious institutions, including the Catholic Church</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Landmarks</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CIVIL SOCIETY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF is supporting 346 civil society organisations, reaching 89,000 people</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We work with the government, private sector and civil society organisations to make diverse urban neighbourhoods more participatory and socially connected.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/civil-society-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKTC is collaborating on the conservation of a 12th-century settlement.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Our cultural initiatives in Portugal showcase culture as a powerful tool for development, and promote greater understanding of Muslim art, music and architecture.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/cultural-development-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn mor</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF’s ECD and education programmes have reached 95,000 people</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We invest in the development of children, their caregivers and the professionals who educate them in their formative years. We manage an ECD centre in Lisbon.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/early-childhood-development-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">EDUCATION</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF is working with almost 11,000 learners at over 100 schools and learning spaces</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We aim to raise the standard of education by generating research and knowledge, teaching education professionals, promoting intercultural collaboration and establishing learning communities.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/education-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">WORK AND ENTERPRISE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF has supported over 17,000 people in Portugal to improve their skills and access better employment opportunities</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">By supporting personal, social and professional development, we contribute to the economic and social integration of vulnerable populations.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/work-and-enterprise-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">WORKING WITH PORTUGUESE-SPEAKING COUNTRIES</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF’s work with multilateral and bilateral partners has benefitted over 500,000 Mozambicans</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We run interrelated programmes across Mozambique. We have signed protocols with Brazil and with the Community of Portuguese-speaking Countries to stimulate development and improve the quality of life for underprivileged populations.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/portugal/working-with-portuguese-speaking-countries-portugal" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn mor</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Seat of the Ismaili Imamat:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Seat — designated by Hazar Imam as the </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Diwan</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #404041; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> of the Ismaili Imamat — establishes a global headquarters in Lisbon for all dimensions of its activities, including those concerned with the affairs of the Ismaili community, international engagement and the Imamat’s commitment to improving the quality of life. This newly acquired addition not only enhances this institutional and global capacity, but reaffirms the Ismaili Imamat’s commitment to both Portugal and the city of Lisbon. A formal Seat of the Ismaili Imamat in Portugal, marking a historic milestone. The establishment of a Seat reflects a longstanding relationship between the Ismaili Imamat and the Government of Portugal.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">27.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">SWITZERLAND</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Foundation, the first component part of AKDN, was founded in Switzerland by His Highness the Aga Khan, in 1967, as a private, international, non-denominational, non-profit development agency. Switzerland is the registered home for AKDN and several agencies maintain small headquarters offices in Geneva.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">As such, Switzerland often serves as a hub for the coordination of development programmes within AKDN and with international partners. The Geneva head office represents approximately 0.1 percent of AKDN staff globally, with most staff based in the field.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“Our work extends to 35 countries in fields such as education and medical care, job creation and energy production, media and tourism, the fine arts and micro-finance. We believe that by improving the largest numbers of variables in the shortest possible time, we can obtain stable, long-term improvement in the quality of human life.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">His Highness the Aga Khan</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">London, October 2015</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">28.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UNITED KINGDOM</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For almost 50 years, AKDN agencies have enjoyed fruitful partnerships with the UK government, universities and numerous other institutions in the country and internationally. The Aga Khan Centre in King’s Cross, London, opened in 2018 to become the home of AKDN agencies in the UK. An active outreach programme has seen the Centre host numerous exhibitions and hundreds of public events.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">“For over 40 years, our institutions have contributed actively to the fabric of British civil society and its rich heritage of academic endeavour and international development, while fulfilling an international mandate which has a far reaching, global impact.”</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">His Highness the Aga Khan</span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">London, June 2018</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Landmarks</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN CENTRE</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Centre contains six gardens, terraces and courtyards inspired by different parts of the Islamic world.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Centre is a place of education, knowledge, cultural exchange and insight into Muslim civilisations. The building is the home to three organisations founded by His Highness Aga Khan: the Aga Khan Foundation UK, the Aga Khan University’s Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations and the Institute of Ismaili Studies.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/united-kingdom/aga-khan-centre" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN LIBRARY</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Library has over 52,000 volumes</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Library is based in the Aga Khan Centre. It offers access to more than 52,000 volumes in the field of Islamic studies, and online access to its rare collections.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/europe/united-kingdom/aga-khan-library" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><h1 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN FOUNDATION</span></h1><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) is a leading global development organisation working to tackle the root causes of poverty.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">For more than 50 years, we have helped create strong community institutions that support sustainable, locally-driven initiatives to improve the lives of millions of people.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Rooted in Africa, Asia and the Middle East, our staff have unique insights into the complex challenges people face today as well as the opportunities for tomorrow. By combining local knowledge with global best practices, we strive to bring about transformative and long-lasting improvements to quality of life. Taking a generational approach, AKF has built the trust required to do this work even in the most fragile contexts</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF MUSLIM CIVILISATIONS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ISMC students have access to the Aga Khan Library, which houses 50,000 volumes in 50 languages, including 1,500 rare books.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ISMC’s teaching, research and outreach address the fundamental challenges of the human condition as they are expressed across the diverse societies of the Muslim world and their diasporas.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/how-we-work/our-agencies/aga-khan-university/institute-for-the-study-of-muslim-civilisations" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Contributions of Ismailis to Europe**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis have made significant contributions to Europe's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organizations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, business, and academia. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in Europe**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in Europe have faced challenges and discrimination. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in the context of rising Islamophobia in Europe. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in Europe. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in Europe, regardless of their religious or ethnic background. Versetile establishments Such as Ismail Centre, Center for Study of Muslim Civilizations (part of Aga khan university Karachi Pakistan), Ismaili Centre, are established and delivering from London in UK. The Secretariate of His Highness Aga Khan was established in Aiglemont - 40 Km north of Paris France and is operating there since decades. A recent development is the exemplary agreement with Partugal to establish the Global Seat of the Ismaili Imamat - DIWAN </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Portugal is one of the largest in continental Europe, numbering thousands1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili Centre, Lisbon, is a significant establishment for the Ismaili Muslim community in Portugal2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It was officially opened on 11 July 1998 by Portuguese President Jorge Sampaio and His Highness the Aga Khan2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Portugal has grown since the 1970s2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili Centre, Lisbon, is a distinct architectural complex residing in a large space of 18 thousand square meters, 12 thousand of which consist of gardens and patios2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ismaili_Centre,_Lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The design is influenced by an amalgamation of traditional spatial arrangements of courtyards, such as those in the Alhambra and Fatehpur Sikri, as well as Islamic patterns2</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili community in Portugal has around 3000 members, spread across the country</span></a><a href="https://prezi.com/aaom10nc7znp/the-ismaili-communitty-in-portugal/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">There are also Jamatkhanas in the cities of Porto, Seixal, Oeiras, Setubal, and Algarve</span></a><a href="https://prezi.com/aaom10nc7znp/the-ismaili-communitty-in-portugal/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">3</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Many Ismailis in Portugal fled from Mozambique, a former Portuguese colony during the African country’s civil war which ended in 1992</span></a><a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230328-two-dead-in-knife-attack-at-islamic-centre-in-lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">It’s important to note that on the morning of 28 March 2023, a tragic incident occurred where two Portuguese women belonging to the staff of the Ismaili Muslim Centre in Lisbon were stabbed to death1</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">. </span><a href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-65097098" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">This was a rare instance of religious violence in Portugal</span></a><a href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230328-two-dead-in-knife-attack-at-islamic-centre-in-lisbon" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">4</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In conclusion, Ismailis in Europe are a vibrant and diverse community that has made significant contributions to the continent's development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in Europe.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">NORTH AMERICA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">29.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">CANADA</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN is a contemporary endeavour of the Ismaili Imamat, whose mandate it is to improve the quality of life of all peoples, irrespective of their faith, race, ethnicity or gender. Canada's pluralism, inclusiveness and global outlook have helped make it a leader in international development, and a country with whom AKDN shares core values. The permanent partnership between the Ismaili Imamat and Canada includes diplomatic cooperation and exchanges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">We have worked with Canada's government and people for nearly five decades. The Aga Khan Foundation Canada was established in 1980, and we have built other institutions and public spaces over the decades, such as the Aga Khan Museum in Toronto and the Aga Khan Garden at the University of Alberta. His Highness the Aga Khan and the Government of Canada jointly founded the Global Centre for Pluralism in 2006 to influence perspectives, inform policies and inspire pathways to advance pluralis.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Ismailis in Canada**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in Canada constitute a significant and growing community, with an estimated population of over 100,000 people. They are followers of the Isma'ili branch of Shia Islam, which recognizes Imam Isma'il ibn Jafar as the true successor to the Prophet Muhammad. Ismailis have a rich history and culture in Canada, and they have made significant contributions to the country's development.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in Canada**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in Canada traces its roots back to the early 20th century, when Ismailis from South Asia and East Africa began migrating to the country. They initially settled in major cities such as Toronto, Vancouver, and Edmonton, but over time, they have established communities in many other Canadian cities and towns.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Contributions of Ismailis to Canada**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis have made significant contributions to Canada's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organizations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, business, and academia. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in Canada**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in Canada have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in the context of rising Islamophobia in Canada. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in Canada. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in Canada, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Significant Landmarks</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In appreciation of Canada's exemplary support for development programmes in these countries, the AKDN has presented several parks and gardens as gifts to Canadian cities — in Toronto and Alberta, Edmonton — in the hope that they will enhance the quality of life for residents and visitors alike.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/parks-and-gardens-canada" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">DELEGATION OF THE ISMAILI IMAMAT</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Opened in Ottawa in 2008, the Delegation of the Ismaili Imamat in Canada offers a centre for building relationships, enabling quiet diplomacy and disseminating knowledge and information, while reflecting AKDN’s wide-ranging humanistic agenda.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/delegation-of-the-ismaili-imamat" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN FOUNDATION (AKF) CANADA</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKF partners with communities in Africa and Asia to improve the quality of life for current and future generations. We integrate different approaches to tackling poverty to create the greatest impact. Canadians participate in AKFC through volunteer opportunities and fundraising.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/aga-khan-foundation-canada" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN MUSEUM AND AGA KHAN PARK</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The first museum in North America dedicated to the arts of Muslim civilisations, the Aga Khan Museum showcases over 1,200 objects from the ninth to the 21st centuries. It encourages public engagement through performances, screenings, workshops and exhibitions. The core of its Permanent Collection — spanning a vast geographic area from Spain and North Africa in the west, across the Middle East, to South Asia and China in the east — was assembled by Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003), uncle of His Highness, Prince Karim Aga Khan IV. Prince Sadruddin began acquiring works of art in the 1950s while studying at Harvard University. Together with his wife, Princess Catherine Aga Khan, he continued to collect throughout his lifetime. His Highness the Aga Khan and his family have supported and expanded Prince Sadruddin’s collection since his death. Today, it represents the foundation of North America’s first museum dedicated exclusively to Islamic arts, where it is enhanced by superb objects from the private collections of Prince Amyn and His Highness the Aga Khan as well as new acquisitions, special exhibitions, and a rich roster of performances and public programs.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/aga-khan-museum-canada" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">PARKS AND GARDENS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN has gifted two gardens to Canadian cities. As modern interpretations of Islamic gardens, they seek to educate and foster cultural understanding while improving quality of life through access to green spaces.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/parks-and-gardens-canada" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FOCUS HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (CANADA)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Established in 1994 by the Ismaili community under the guidance of His Highness the Aga Khan, Focus Humanitarian Assistance (FOCUS) helps communities prepare for and respond to emergencies, as well as helping refugees settle and integrate in Canada.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/focus-humanitarian-assistance-canada" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">GLOBAL CENTRE FOR PLURALISM</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">A partnership between the Government of Canada and His Highness the Aga Khan, the Global Centre for Pluralism works with policy leaders, educators and community builders around the world to amplify and implement the transformative power of pluralism.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/canada/global-centre-pluralism" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismaili Centre Toronto</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismaili Centre Vancouver</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">ADDRESS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">77 Wynford Drive, Toronto, Ontario, M3C 1K1</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">30.</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span class="Apple-tab-span" style="text-wrap: nowrap;"> </span></span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">UNITED STATES OF AMERICA</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In the USA, AKDN works in partnership with government agencies, corporations, foundations, NGOs, universities including Harvard, MIT and UCSF, and professional networks. Our programmes boost community resilience to disasters in the USA and also aim to break the cycle of poverty in parts of Africa and Asia.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Ismailis in America**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in America constitute a significant and growing community, with an estimated population of over 100,000 people. Ismailis have a rich history and culture in America, and they have made significant contributions to the country's development.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in America**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in America traces its roots back to the early 20th century, when Ismailis from South Asia and East Africa began migrating to the country. They initially settled in major cities such as New York, Chicago, and Los Angeles, but over time, they have established communities in many other American cities and towns.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in America**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in America have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in the context of rising Islamophobia in America. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AGA KHAN FOUNDATION USA: </span><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Foundation’s (AKF) early childhood development initiatives benefit 2.3 million children globally</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FOCUS HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE (USA)</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">FOCUS has supported over 1,300 US volunteers to train in first aid, CPR and AED skills.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 15pt; margin-top: 15pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">PARTNERSHIPS</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 6pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Aga Khan Program for Islamic Architecture was established in 1979</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #323031; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">AKDN has signed agreements of cooperation with the states of Texas, California and Illinois, and works on research, education and cultural programmes with several US academic institutions. We run a programme on Islamic architecture at Harvard University and MIT.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://the.akdn/en/where-we-work/north-america/united-states-america/partnerships-usa" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learn more</span></a></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismaili Centre Houston</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in America. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in America, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In conclusion, Ismailis in Canada and America are vibrant and diverse communities that have made significant contributions to their respective countries' development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in Canada and America.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">31.Australia</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Ismailis in Australia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis in Australia constitute a significant and growing community, with an estimated population of over 20,000 people. </span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**History of Ismailis in Australia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Isma'ili community in Australia traces its roots back to the late 19th century, when Ismailis from South Asia and East Africa began migrating to the country. They initially settled in major cities such as Sydney, Melbourne, and Perth, but over time, they have established communities in many other Australian cities and towns.</span></p><br /><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Contributions of Ismailis to Australia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis have made significant contributions to Australia's development in various fields. They have established educational institutions, hospitals, and social welfare organizations. Many prominent Ismailis have held high positions in the government, business, and academia. The community is known for its entrepreneurial spirit and its commitment to philanthropy.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Challenges Faced by Ismailis in Australia**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Despite their contributions, Ismailis in Australia have faced challenges and discrimination. They have been subjected to sectarian violence and attacks by extremist groups. Some Ismailis have also experienced social and economic discrimination, particularly in the context of rising Islamophobia in Australia. However, the community has shown resilience and determination in overcoming these challenges.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">**Role of Ismailis in Promoting Peace and Tolerance**</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Ismailis actively promote peace and tolerance in Australia. They work with other religious and ethnic communities to foster interfaith dialogue and understanding. The Aga Khan Development Network, a global non-governmental organization founded by the Aga Khan, has implemented numerous projects aimed at improving the lives of people in Australia, regardless of their religious or ethnic background.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">In conclusion, Ismailis in South East Asia and Australia are vibrant and diverse communities that have made significant contributions to their respective regions' development. They have faced challenges and discrimination, but they have shown resilience and determination in overcoming these obstacles. Ismailis continue to play an active role in promoting peace, tolerance, and social progress in South East Asia and Australia.</span></p><br /><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Toggle Search Form</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Research & Publications</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Research & Publications</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Research</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Research</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/central-asian-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Central Asian Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/constituency-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Constituency Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/ismaili-special-collections-unit/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismaili Special Collections Unit</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/ismaili-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismaili Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/qur-anic-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Qur’anic Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/shii-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Shii Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/south-asian-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">South Asian Studies</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/our-publications/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Publications</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/our-publications/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Publications</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/publications-listing/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Publications Listing</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/our-publications/world-of-islam-audiobooks/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Audiobooks</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Study</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Study</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/graduate-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Graduate Studies</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/graduate-studies/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Graduate Studies</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/graduate-studies/step/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">STEP</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/graduate-studies/gpish/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">GPISH</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/short-courses/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Short Courses</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/fellowships-and-scholarships/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Fellowships and Scholarships</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Learning Centre</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Learning Centre</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly contributions</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/multimedia/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Multimedia</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/talim-curriculum/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Curriculum</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/reading-guides-lists/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Reading Guides & Lists</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/library-and-special-collections/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Library & Special Collections</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/library-and-special-collections/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Library & Special Collections</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/library-and-special-collections/aga-khan-library/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Aga Khan Library</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/library-and-special-collections/special-collections/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismaili Special Collections Unit</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/news/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">News</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/news/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View News</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/news-events/iis-update/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">IIS Update Magazine</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/events/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Events</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">About us</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View About us</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Our Institution</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Our Institution</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/governance/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Governance</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/our-people/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Our people</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/our-alumni/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Our alumni</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/governance/policies-and-documents/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Policies and documents</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/timeline/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Timeline</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/ismaili-imamat/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismaili Imamat</span></a></p></li><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismailis-and-their-role-in-the-history-of-medieval-syria-and-the-near-east/#" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Back</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/ismaili-imamat/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">View Ismaili Imamat</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/ismaili-imamat/his-highness-the-aga-khan/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">His Highness The Aga Khan</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="3" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: square; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/ismaili-imamat/ismaili-community/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Ismaili Community</span></a></p></li></ul><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/partners/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Partners</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="2" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: circle; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/careers/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Careers</span></a></p></li></ul></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://iisalumni.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Alumni</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://campus.iis.ac.uk/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Students</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/quick-links/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Quick Links</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/contact-us/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Contact us</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1MB2FZ52LTpmLevSS9AFhFQf148m" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Subscribe</span></a></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Toggle Menu</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Home</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Learning Centre</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Scholarly contributions</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Academic Articles</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> The Ismailis and their Role in the History of Medieval Syria and the Near East</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Fatimids</span></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Author</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 28px; overflow: hidden; width: 28px;"><img alt="An empty image for staff profile" height="28" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/GNoPyC-2tM91gVoWclNKjgwl6JDS8K15D-c_J5XV2tKVExpJKng9RhleYcuwvxEkHo7YWmxiJXBpkdFkAe9PifAuFmQmyt_4ZDxpktHxy_82W-9ogFJC8-x43lj-mW3q7yWsPi0C6U3kvRMfYCCZOo4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="28" /></span></span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 16pt;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Professor Azim Nanji</span></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Professor Azim Nanji serves currently as Special Advisor to the Provost at the Aga Khan University. Most recently he served as Senior Associate Director of the Abbasi Program in Islamic Studies at Stanford University 2008-2010 and also lectured on Islam in the Department of Religious Studies. He was previously the of Director of the Institute of Ismaili Studies from 1998 - 2008. Prior to this, he was Professor and Chair of the Department of Religion at the University of Florida and has held academic and administrative appointments at various American and Canadian universities.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Professor Nanji has authored, co-authored and edited several books including: The Nizari Ismaili Tradition (1976), The Muslim Almanac (1996), Mapping Islamic Studies (1997) and The Historical Atlas of Islam (with M. Ruthven) (2004) and The Dictionary of Islam (with Razia Nanji), Penguin 2008. In addition, he has contributed numerous shorter studies and articles on religion, Islam and Ismailism in journals and collective volumes including The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Oxford Encyclopaedia of the Modern Islamic World, and A Companion to Ethics. He was the Associate Editor for the revised Second Edition of The Encyclopaedia of Religion. In 1988 he was Margaret Gest Visiting Professor at Haverford College and a Visiting Professor at Stanford University in 2004, where he was also invited to give the Baccalaureate Address in 1995. He has also lectured widely at international conferences all over the world.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Professor Nanji has served as Co-Chair of the Islam section at the American Academy of Religion and on the Editorial Board of the Academy’s Journal. He has also been a member of the Philanthropy Committee of the Council on Foundations and has been the recipient of awards from the Rockefeller Foundation, the Canada Council, and the National Endowment for Humanities. In 2004 he gave the Birks Lecture at McGill University.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Within the </span><a href="http://www.akdn.org/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Aga Khan Development Network</span></a><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">, Professor Nanji has served as a Member of the Steering Committee and Master Jury of the Aga Khan Award for Architecture, Task Force Member for the Institute for the Study of Muslim Civilisations (AKU-ISMC) and Vice Chair of the Madrasa-based Early Childhood Education Programme in East-Africa.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 28px; overflow: hidden; width: 28px;"><img height="28" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/JWMrbJfYWX1yBKtDgdhEFWrVnvXisS0qdBPj1XX10FiitlkhQk1tpPd7W4DyHRM9dHKXILf89StgC3orozofJf5SdIXTbOREhVSF-JN4CSr3Y3rIzE1swAQVhDhgK_dAS6b7TtkCHgY-nApr4x1mFmI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="28" /></span></span></p><h3 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 16pt;"><span style="color: #434343; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Dr Farhad Daftary</span></h3><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Co-Director and Head of the Department of Academic Research and Publications</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">An authority in Shi'i studies, with special reference to its Ismaili tradition, Dr. Daftary has published and lectured widely in these fields of Islamic studies. In 2011 a Festschrift entitled Fortresses of the Intellect was produced to honour Dr. Daftary by a number of his colleagues and peers.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"> </span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/our-people/board-of-governors/farhad-daftary/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"></span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Related Articles</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Previous</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/RqPvrne6gZNYexcQ2qzHPN3rmFkib7b-PbTCw-SDDO1BFK-Wg2JEqgbwjEwxdEisJzQgJt7LSAGkT5vqGDQfYOHxs36A2pTbWNXwIu_a2EwipOxAKT6JV0GMNa5-Inxkr3qOu0EGXepM2Q9x5FfmWLM" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">24 May 2011</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nur al-Din Muhammad II (542-607 AH / 1148-1210 CE)</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/NOCBwR2DwApgA2Jyubvh7LD1nwVq_MLQ00bdGc9-l2UHBDlxqi7kOELDPlOq_f436VMuo8rH4YT8sRw6k-0lZL0RbuE5ZzBw9BoKHo_Jzlyo_diQ9Lfl18aYqC_lsay9YQXSpap1zJyXoY7rdSf3Nx4" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">30 Apr 2002</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Alternative Dispute Resolution: Its Resonance in Muslim Thought and Future Directions</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/NS3c36mRqeQFAKe3hb1QQt41zUFaU35QBB-McUqN74_MNO7HJrmfSoJ-vZaGrLwhVGCHiN4SJSEu_CBMB-xq9JV7EMxoe6jaspVq0RDP0FDjL6uwOsUS-cY2tBuGfYosiLo0PZjRMc0rpHroAn3QAec" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">10 Dec 1978</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Eternal Cosmos and the Womb of History: Time in Early Ismaili Thought</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/x_o3pYGrj_eAvAvp5HryY-JOmFLz3ZWVcBJjlmwJCWZbMpLKnTZhAzIPnv5UH4w0mGXz2EnipHzpjUguiDfTWIdj8_Eg9MOIbkWaUrIXaCe0S2jbDgIWdCa3UxgGcWDjLceFVbBXtoGrYtj5wUkjI3s" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">02 Mar 2004</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Metaphysics of Interfaith Dialogue: A Qur'anic Perspective</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/rUFWxRdNCdq1MYaVVziVf4uM-8CAfvG41NLjN2cno_0MZmcdCmgxoG1JKRnNqnXghYksMZy3Ooqp6oIdrT3WmBpvJXJgUgbEr1AHNOD1S79pvDRCWrx8OvGBwCJrX5-9oRPK0qAeGYcDlvpDuoI51Jo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Mar 2004</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib?</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Da2_T7N8J3rwX1gUhaU35A8sn1G6mhThzS_Gq6T-9fHkbQLV-0t9a96U1tub29eQ1OIVKdWimkd47NkyDpShN4q5dAi83N1JuD7_SyH-8jxxsod1h6FqzXXMxCQ4TTzlvfVlrcD0u5-XTkEJYu4plnI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img alt="A far-sighted view of sunset at Istanbul" height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/wMo2rFSp55hrcaZzQSq0EM9dH0sym72Kcxh3tacCrk5FsP_qg6qfLneqv4S506wRvs-Ke9TPcjOR7j6oiFWOrA5zkpevFQZBITY9Q2a2gGUHMoKi28UCIg2K1oE0EggCOBY5kJ4eeL3t0AkYWHIOiaE" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Diversity in Islam: Communities of Interpretation</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img alt="Book cover of the piece 'Cyclical time and Ismaili Gnosis'" height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/OI-uYDuruZQIofCOKg2tMm2Vhl6TS_wgPHsDP43ZkL0ZIMena8tpvibgaO8_JwX2M4DaTIzOadPjYlg_0SXgdQ3mhQpqFe6cHheIZvgeiRKZeVLkhvtDyPIC8OUxxmGej182HKPO2LER6LM7CnTJP3g" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cyclical Time and Sacred History in Medieval Ismaili Thought</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/CDSRCmddcffpdFLQcnK4A2UlP_o4tlr5avCQaF-wrlgUd9GtkFmlZd_c4Os5o0sdCHHpduGaG83eHW420aLF0mpOaLjFSxmBcx9UGqDklp6KUNUeGOWOAEQ-3oScTx8XH590j2gaSmS9G77f1FIn5ns" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Al-Suyuti on the Merits of Imam 'Ali</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/97oBDCauIaO8YQS_buGw1H5ylMcqMBgWKD58RQ_UdyA077t30uekD4_d42EvxuMd44wqsI7Q_k7vOjoEUBmjqqJBs42Tp2nDEzwaK_o3I4AIX0FutMlbje4rWBAMfFVOvCuweZQtxn4OBVNkBtskpgI" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Fatimid-Buyid Diplomacy During the Reign of Al-'Aziz billah (365/975-386/996)*</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/UyOs7xW97E99k26A-7ikT4Vgvhh941OxaGLMTXJ2dPVGEhD9Rf6urdoxpo7iS9rWZl6qfPltQ-8DUrWoswv7lt6MS31nkpizu-VoCAfyK6dEWEo97fNRqA-nBF5Dweln_YzRJ_ggG61Tb1cVMzggFT8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">24 May 2011</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nur al-Din Muhammad II (542-607 AH / 1148-1210 CE)</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/gymvjwu3Sl1cRGz5f5zu4uAUrPHNQGijkFy-DkiULTCIwkcjkLXKV7Juzj9F2INmVCgv_5o0lIanAB1RhmAjQBesAJvgKoJoLHKFRGoXaLRwvGK_MGTLkeKo6X1iWiZvpT4gdQyh6LYE1xzyZ2hyxHU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">30 Apr 2002</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Alternative Dispute Resolution: Its Resonance in Muslim Thought and Future Directions</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/alternative-dispute-resolution-its-resonance-in-muslim-thought-and-future-directions/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/yZ-rXhtx3QadK75dVOIPdlNdXfaqprTHMbLqrsuLde7mATvirKAGLHyi-tsqgWPy5roOKCcBMCrA-ZNt8YHixkLTTMpR9mdajRwwdsVinWlO73WbkGSXMotPOd3nYeIV_pwcCNnf-atN0V4vi_LXsxQ" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">10 Dec 1978</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Eternal Cosmos and the Womb of History: Time in Early Ismaili Thought</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/eternal-cosmos-and-the-womb-of-history-time-in-early-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/Qr6C94E6aOnNQvaMrpep7XPOMw3Ghg-4Alsj6l2mGcNkllNH5qSSuNkyXI9hkQv8MRnNYLiqY0YIS9nNcwzbxMSxSvJ3aaWG_cbZRoofvf1V9boCEkNSWo9OF92h2i53KNDxZbMs0FD2XQX8VETnquo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">02 Mar 2004</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Metaphysics of Interfaith Dialogue: A Qur'anic Perspective</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-metaphysics-of-interfaith-dialogue-a-qur-anic-perspective/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/tjlrBgylS-5ZShSnnGfspMXUUFhwErlF-a2NHBXDz9uPLEQx6iig_BxnmmXPu8OrqYqr3lJxIH0hvNvuUJPKWXi4RbSqQ5Jwe2JLOml9-IWgJZqB0OIYLlbp3LELMQAyhMa7qLwV8C2phJ7s61dvnlw" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Mar 2004</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Initial Destination of the Fatimid caliphate: The Yemen or The Maghrib?</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-initial-destination-of-the-fatimid-caliphate-the-yemen-or-the-maghrib/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/RfgGmxf9Sn9r1rclNJi5DvKX_kBfaPJEg_YbRjW2hl3AR_FeFP8mMY4F7W0yCXmnvhz2aGBvZ0Mw4mrZZvC3Zv1fXb3AFM0WcK1TE1HTWAQZDx6IDWWeU4OCXSwcGWu2ZazWp5kHHXJ3w40nZDSQccA" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Ismaili da'wa Outside the Fatimid dawla</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/the-ismaili-da-wa-outside-the-fatimid-dawla/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img alt="A far-sighted view of sunset at Istanbul" height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/6GpEUnYa0rGcVZfTlMea4svK96iWHz_GbfesvQuntfe6Z7SvfIe3uBxONIW3BU5AOOjZi_mzCd5bSzr4PjWXrOE923doqt4jsfeg6tDFNKEcSc62iWrly8rNY4B3crJH1AxyxMx4nkk8UM4kWYbelfo" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Diversity in Islam: Communities of Interpretation</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/diversity-in-islam-communities-of-interpretation/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img alt="Book cover of the piece 'Cyclical time and Ismaili Gnosis'" height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/OQ0OnwrNwg0n5Kp-0IaxLBLPgap7Di4S46yNwhbZq8C2IVzAzptLt0PgKg8mDhY4NBbgoAgODvX_zzVT7IuLkgNXsURsw1yG20txTfmUG7jNmqQPLr6ldO7jsodR8CaYrEB5oIpe8rRxJQZVs475f2U" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cyclical Time and Sacred History in Medieval Ismaili Thought</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/cyclical-time-and-sacred-history-in-medieval-ismaili-thought/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/4EHe6QYPi9zAN5bGSw2u988M4HVaV6yUvmtMKykIDb0FJmvtwh5bQcz4EWu2ESItb2fPsShRj3sPZmc7UBrKg2s6J6QU6Ft8DYIot95Yd5FEqZ8tiifzjQCe7lESAU0qDHrdt0Xkfw7mQHyr3gT96GU" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Al-Suyuti on the Merits of Imam 'Ali</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/al-suyuti-on-the-merits-of-imam-ali/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/3X-hinfn1Lcex3FQcctU_uVEyfDaHx4cRgNQ7Lu8l7He68QCfHi-rGYct7TK-jlceX8q_UazAMu1pwWBD6awt1JGymX0YJvCL4ghKmvOnNIkYvwk4cXJ0YiYEeiFV3FW9T9SqE83PZIXuOwkKC9_J4g" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">01 Jan 2022</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Fatimid-Buyid Diplomacy During the Reign of Al-'Aziz billah (365/975-386/996)*</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/fatimid-buyid-diplomacy-during-the-reign-of-al-aziz-billah-365-975-386-996/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: #333333; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><span style="border: none; display: inline-block; height: 70px; overflow: hidden; width: 108px;"><img height="70" src="https://lh7-us.googleusercontent.com/uJFd3X74qHf8DF_YCbxeNGm0Xyy1x7ee3lohQ0_Sl0Ah5rlFowj8IrbXUTtFvnsvPfPmPEVJ-BxCjFZKwG6WNNX6_5zBROiOOY0iVRzu9mmusRRPZvcF8-XwGNiaxY2QQ8aQJQkQ60j3BeJNKMxlxJ8" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px;" width="108" /></span></span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 30pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">24 May 2011</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-right: 30pt; margin-top: 0pt; padding: 0pt 7.5pt 0pt 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Scholarly Article</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: 11pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="border-right: 0.75pt solid rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Academic Articles</span></a></p></li></ul><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 30pt; margin-left: 11pt; margin-right: 22pt; margin-top: 30pt; margin: 30pt 22pt 30pt 11pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Nur al-Din Muhammad II (542-607 AH / 1148-1210 CE)</span></a></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/learning-centre/scholarly-contributions/academic-articles/nur-al-din-muhammad-ii-542-607-ah-1148-1210-ce/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Read more</span></a></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Next</span></p><h2 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 6pt; margin-top: 18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Sign up for news, events & course information</span></h2><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://share-eu1.hsforms.com/1MB2FZ52LTpmLevSS9AFhFQf148m" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Subscribe here</span></a></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/governance/policies-and-documents/cookie-policy/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Cookie Policy</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/governance/policies-and-documents/privacy-policy/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Privacy Policy</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/governance/policies-and-documents/terms-of-use/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Terms of Use</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/sitemap/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Sitemap</span></a></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/research-publications/research/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Research</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/publications-listing/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Publications</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/study/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Study</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">About</span></a></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/news/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">News</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/events/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Events</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/our-institution/our-alumni/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Alumni</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.iis.ac.uk/about-us/careers/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">Careers</span></a></p></li></ul><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-institute-of-ismaili-studies/mycompany/" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">LinkedIn</span></a></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; list-style-type: disc; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/TheInstituteofIsmailiStudies" style="text-decoration-line: none;"><span style="color: #1155cc; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; text-wrap: wrap; vertical-align: baseline;">YouTube</span></a></p></li></ul><h5 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">© 2022 The Institute of Ismaili Studies</span></h5><h5 dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 4pt; margin-top: 12pt;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: 400; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">The Institute of Ismaili Studies is incorporated as a company limited by guarantee, registered company No.1324858 (England/Wales). Registered Charity Number. 1179135. Registered Office: The Institute of Ismaili Studies, Aga Khan Centre, 10 Handyside St, King's Cross, London, N1C 4DN</span></h5><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="background-color: #008539; color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;">Cookie Settings</span></p><div><span style="background-color: #008539; color: white; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-alternates: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-variant-position: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space-collapse: preserve;"><br /></span></div></span></div></div><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4073694447925334531.post-9844864767829841702024-01-05T12:08:00.003+05:002024-02-03T13:08:16.354+05:00Namaz<p><a href="https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/documents/files/?locale=en-US&uri=urn%3Aaaid%3Asc%3AAP%3Aaa0f92e5-6934-41e6-abc1-f104aebbbfa7" target="_blank"> <span style="color: #1155cc; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration-line: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">DOWNLOAD THE TEN BOOKS</span></a></p><p><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> A Persian, Turkish or Urdu word meaning ‘prayer’; this term is referred to as </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-style: italic; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">salat (salah) </span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">in Arabic.</span></p><span id="docs-internal-guid-5ff995c1-7fff-beef-0e6f-59a3e2972eec"><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">The concept of namaz, also known as salah, holds immense significance in Islam. It goes beyond mere prayer; it's a core pillar of the faith, a daily ritual connecting Muslims to their Creator and shaping their lives in profound ways. Here's a breakdown of its various aspects:</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Meaning and Definition:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz or salah translates to "prayer" in Arabic. It refers to the ritualized set of postures, recitations, and supplications performed by Muslims five times a day.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Obligation and Importance</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz is one of the Five Pillars of Islam, considered a fundamental duty for every Muslim who has reached puberty.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Regular performance of namaz is seen as a key expression of faith and submission to Allah.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">It's believed to bring numerous benefits, including spiritual connection, inner peace, self-discipline, and moral grounding.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Structure and Components:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each namaz prayer consists of specific cycles called rak'ahs, ranging from two to four for different prayers.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Each rak'ah involves a series of standardized postures: standing (qiyam), bowing (ruku'), prostrating (sujud), sitting (jalsa), and reciting specific verses and phrases from the Quran, praises of Allah, and supplications.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Timing and Direction:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslims perform namaz five times a day at specific times: Fajr (dawn), Zhuhr (noon), Asr (afternoon), Maghrib (sunset), and Isha (night).</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">When praying, Muslims face the qibla, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, symbolizing unity and direction in faith.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Spiritual Dimensions:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz is not just a physical act; it's a journey of mindfulness and devotion.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Muslims strive to focus on their connection with Allah during prayer, seeking forgiveness, expressing gratitude, and making supplications.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Regular prayer cultivates self-discipline, humility, and awareness of one's Creator.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Beyond Individuality:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz also promotes a sense of community. Muslims often come together in mosques for group prayers, fostering solidarity and brotherhood.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Friday prayers hold particular importance, drawing larger congregations and emphasizing collective worship.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: 700; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Respect and Etiquette</span><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">:</span></p><ul style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-inline-start: 48px;"><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Namaz requires ritual purity (wudu) before every prayer, reflecting the importance of cleanliness and respect for the sacred act.</span></p></li><li aria-level="1" dir="ltr" style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; list-style-type: disc; margin-left: -9pt; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre;"><p dir="ltr" role="presentation" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Proper attire and decorum are observed during prayer, demonstrating reverence and humility.</span></p></li></ul><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Understanding the concept of namaz goes beyond its mechanics. It's a window into the core values and practices of Islam, offering insights into a Muslim's daily life, relationship with God, and connection to the community.</span></p><p dir="ltr" style="line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">If you have any further questions about specific aspects of namaz, different interpretations, or personal experiences, please feel free to ask! I'm happy to provide information and perspectives with respect and accuracy.</span></p><div><span style="font-family: "Courier New", monospace; font-size: 14pt; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br /></span></div></span><div class="blogger-post-footer">http://www.countercurrents.org/rss.xml</div>Hisamullah Beg SI(M)http://www.blogger.com/profile/08565574276093467770noreply@blogger.com0